Basic Grammar: Parts of Speech

Basic Grammar: Parts of Speech

English Grammar is traditionally divided into parts of speech. Here, we add an extra category, the expletive. Other categorisations of language structures enable us to describe the function of a word or words in a sentence. The parts of speech, however, can be thought of as the building blocks of the language; in English they are arranged in a way that is typical for English. These building blocks are used to construct phrases, clauses, and sentences.

• Nouns
• Articles
• Verbs and Verbals
• Pronouns
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Conjunctive Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
• Expletives

Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns may be singular (i.e., represent one person, place, thing, or idea) or plural (i.e., represent more than one person, place, thing, or idea). A plural noun usually ends with an s. There are also many irregular plural forms that must be learned and recognized.

Examples:				Singular		Plural
		Person		boy		boys
				woman		women
		Place		Lake Erie		Great Lakes
				Vancouver
		Thing		house		houses
				tree		trees
		Idea		democracy		democracies
				freedom		freedoms
				love		love

Types of Nouns

A noun may belong to more than one of the following groups.

Proper

• name a particular person, place, or thing
• require a capital letter

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		Anne		Hyde Park		(the) Bible
		Gandhi		Mt. Everest		Concorde
		Mr. Lee		Vancouver		Ford Escort

Common

• name a class of persons, places, or things
• do not require a capital letter

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		child		city		chair
		doctor		home		expression
		singer		restaurant		snow

Collective

• name of groups of persons, places, and things
• may be singular or plural

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		club		forest		decade
		jury		mall		dozen
		team				herd
						flock

Abstract

• name of things not knowable through the five senses (touch, hear, see, smell, taste)

Examples:

humour, fatigue, liberty, love, refusal, truth

Concrete

• name things that are knowable through the five senses (touch, hear, see, smell, and taste)

Examples:		Touch		Hear		See		Smell		Taste
		snow		cry		cloud		fumes		coffee
		tree		sigh		landscape		odour		hot dog
		wind		whisper		moon		perfume		salt

Count

• name people, places, and things that can be counted, as in one pen, two pens
• have irregular forms where the plural is quite different from the singular form, or have the same form as the singular, e.g., sheep.

Examples:		Regular Countables				Irregular Countables
		cat		cats		child		children
		house		houses		goose		geese
		husband		husbands		person		people
		socialist		socialists		woman		women

Non-count or mass

• name things that cannot be counted

Examples:

advice, information, news, rice, sugar, water

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List of dowry articles

Qanoon-e-Shahadat section 17

suit for the recovery of dowry articles- non production of receipts for dowry article – effect – provision of the qanun-e-shahadat 1984 were not applicable in the proceedings before family court act 1964 – intent of the legislature was clearly to simplify the proceddure and the law makers were aware of the fact that in cases relating to dower the lists were seldom prepared and receipts were very rarely kept intact as everyone made arrangements for marriage of one's daughter with the hope and prayer that she would lead a happily married life.

2013 CLC 698 Lahore

Marriage of Muslim girl below sixteen years in PAKISTAN

Section 375 Pakistan Penal Code

 Ss. 2(a) & (b) Child Marriage Restrain Act 1929 Ss. 2(a) & (b)

Section 491 Habeas Corpus Criminal Procedure Code  1898 – Petition for the recovery of Detenue – Rape —

Marriage of Muslim girl below sixteen years of age who had otherwise attained puberty and consented to the marriage — Legality — complainant (father of alleged detenue ) filed present petition for recovery of her daughter contending that she was a minor girl and accused was subjecting her to rape – alleged detenue contended that she had attained puberty and contracted marriage with the accused out of her own free will and consant –– validity — Medical reports of alleged detenue revealed that she was between 14 and 15 years of age at the time of her marriage with the accused – medico-legal certificate available on record showed that alleged detenue had developed all physical characteristics of having attained puberty  – marriage of the Muslim girl who was below 16 yeas of age, but had attained puberty and was also a consenting party to the marriage, was valid for all intent and purposes  — relationship of accused with the alleged detenue could not be equated with rape in such circumstances — Alleged detenue claimed to have attained puberty and admitted her willful nikah with the accused and also deposed to accompany him — petition for recovery of alleged detenue was dismissed in circumstances.

PLD 2013 Lahore 243

1994 SCMR 2102

Remarriage after Khula without Intervening

Remarriage after Khula without Intervening 

Section 7(6) Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 — constitutional petition — re-marriage – parties were husband and wife inter se and their marriage had been dissolved on the basis of khula vide ex parte decree dated 7-11-2009 – plea raised by parties was that suit for dissolution of marriage was filed on misunderstanding and both of them wanted to re-marry  without intervening marriage (Hallala) – validity – Approved mode of divorce, under Muslim Family laws Ordinance 1961 was by one “Talaq” and such mode was obligatory for husband to divorce by one mode of “talaq” other than “Talaq-e-“Ahsan” – Couple could remarry without any intervening marriage except where wife had been divorced thrice and third divorce had become 4effective and only in that case they could not remarry without “Halala” – All divorces were revocable under section 7(6) of Muslim Fmaily Law Ordinance 1961 – High Court allowed reunion of parties after revival of “Nikah” particularly when wife was willing to live again with her husband and to perform her matrimonial conjugal rights within the limits ordained by the Holy Quran and Sunnah – Petition was allowed in circumstances.

PLD 2013  Sindh 209

Custody of minor girl to father

Mother's claim for guardinship of minor daughter, second marriage by mother with a person not related to minor within prohibited degree, father haveing three children from second marriage– validity– mere second marriage by father would not disentitle him from getting custody of his minor daughter– mother, according to Islamic Law, despite being entitled to custody of her minor daughter would become disentitled, if she took second husband not related to minor within prohibited degree, thus custody of minor in such case would belong to her real father. Custody of minor daughter was directed to be handed over to her father in cicumstances (2014 SCMR 343)

Defamation suit

Defamation suit

under section 3 of the defamation Ordinance 2002— scopoe…. When no publication was made in any newspaper or at any open or public place, defamation is not alleged and case does not fall under the defamation Ordinance 2002

PLD 2015 Sindh 83

Compulsory Registration

Section 17 and 49 of Registration Act (XVI of 1908)…. document registration of….. scope… every document purporting to create any right. title or interest of the value of Rs.100 and upward would require compulsory Registration

2015 CLC 385 Baluchistan

Divorce through SMS

Divorce through SMS

Article 73 of Qanun-e-Shahadat Information conveyed over modern devices such as SMS – such information is means to communication validly accepted all over the world, however the witness in whose presence such information is conveyed or received is always important to prove a fact through its verification — Although under article 73 of Qanoon e Shahadat 1984 modern devices are legally acceptable yet in order to prove a fact, the required procedure has to be followed.

PLD 2015 Lahore 231

specific performance on un-registered power of attorney sale agreement

Order V rule 15 CPC 1908, Registration Act 1908, Section 17 of Specific Relief Act 1877, Section 12 Suit for specific Performance of contract… Owner of Property an illiterate lady.. Agreement to sell through attorney.. Power of attorney, nonregistration of … effect… summons of services of … Scope. Service of summons on maid of defendant in a suit was not a proper service.. Plaintiff had failed to place on record any registered power of attorney.. Seller (owner) title document should be registered for the purpose of alienation of immoveable property… if immoveable property was sold though power of attorney then same should have been registered and without the same attorney could not be deemed to have been duly authorized to sell the property… General power of attorney in the present case was not a register documents therefore agreement of sale through attorney of actual owner on the basis of said power of attorney was no enforceable in law… court had to be even more careful in a case of an immoveable property of an illiterate woman.. Suit was dismissed in circumstances.

2015 CLC 1071 Sindh 

Claim on Breach of Contract

Claim on Breach of Contract

Section 55 of the Contact Act 1872, Breach of Contract… claim for damages—- Scope—party could maintain his right to claim damages with reference to a breach of contract but such right would not be available for the party with reference to natural local or international changes causing effect upon value of the subject of contract particularly when this was not so mentioned in the agreement.

PLD 2015 Sindh 481

Lien/Right of Banker to set off

Lien/Right of Banker to set off

section 171 contact Act, lien / right of banker to set off — principle—Banker and customer – even under the law which provided for recovery through coercive process csuch as land revenue, determination of amount due is an essential pre-requisite—bank cannot be conferred with judicial powers for determination of amount due against its customer/borrower – right/power to sell off is available only where amount claimed is due and is certain and determined by competent judicial forum.

2015 SCMR 1341

Un-Registered Document to sell

Un-Registered Document to sell

Under section 9 of the transfer of the property Act 1908, documents of agreement to sell does not create any legal title but creates a right to obtain another documents for example registered sale deed. Agreement to sell by itself cannot confer any title on the vendee because the same is not a title Deed. Agreement to sell does not require compulsory registration as held by Hon’able Supreme Court in case of Muhammad yousuf versus Munawar HUSSAIN and five others reported in 2000 SCMR 204 which is as under:

“In this view of the matter the right course for the petitioner would have been to institute a suit for specific performance if at all such agreement was executed. The agreement to sell by itself cannot confer any title on the vendee because the same is not a title deed and such agreement does not confer any propriety right and thus it is obvious that the declaratory decree as envisaged by section 42 of the specific Relief Act cannot be awarded because declaration can only be given in respect of legal right or character. The only right arising out of any agreement to sell is to seek its specific performance and in case the vendee has been put in possession the same is protected under section 53-A of the Act.”

Sub-Power after the death of Principle Party

Sub-Power after the death of Principle Party

Section 201 contract Act 1872, constitution of Pakistan article 185(3), sub power of attorney— issued by attorney after death of principal…effect… claim of petitioner/purported purchaser over suit property was based on the conveyance deed executed by the sub attorney of the respondent seller.. validity.. alleged power of attorney issued by respondent in favor of attorney was terminated on the death of respondent principal, therefore the attorney was not authorized to execute a sub power of attorney after death of the principal. In such circumstances the sub power of attorney was invalid and of no legal effect and sub attorney was not authorized to sell the property to the petitioner vide conveyance deed,. Further the purported purchase was the real mother of the sub attorney and as the time of alleged sale of property to her vide conveyance deed sub attorney made no efforts to obtain consent of attorney or principle seller, who has died by that time… petition for leave to appeal was dismissed accordingly and leave was refused (PLD 2014 Supreme Court 794)

Compulsory Registration

Section 17 and 49 of Registration Act (XVI of 1908)…. document registration of….. scope… every document purporting to create any right. title or interest of the value of Rs.100 and upward would require compulsory Registration

2015 CLC 385 Baluchistan

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) =Basic Structure of the Covenant

The Covenant was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 16, 1966 and it came into force on January 3, 1976. As of 2015, the Covenant has 70 signatories and 164 parties. Pakistan signed the Covenant on November 3, 2004 and ratified it on April 17, 2008.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) is a multilateral treaty aimed to commit its parties to work towards the promotion of economic, social and cultural rights. The Covenant aims to provide rights such as the right to health, right to education, right to social security, labour rights and right to an adequate standard of living. The implementation of the Covenant is monitored by a body of human rights experts known asthe Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. All state parties are required to submit regular reports to the Committee, outlining the legislative, judicial, policy and other measures taken to implement the rights given in the Covenant.

*Basic Structure of the Covenant

The Covenant begins with a preamble laying out its general message and is further divided into five parts which includes thirty one articles.

Part 1: Article 1 lays down the right of all peoples to self determination, which includes the right to “freely determine their political status”, pursue their economic, social and cultural goals and the right to manage and dispose of their own resources. In no circumstances whatsoever, may people be deprived of their means of subsistence. It further imposes an obligation on state parties to promote and respect their right of self determination.

Part 2: Articles 2-5 develop the principle of “progressive realization” compelling the parties to “take steps… to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means” (Article 2). This requires that, although it may be difficult to entirely implement some of the rights within a short span of time, the parties shall perform to the best of their abilities and within their means to implement them.  This Article further requires the rights of the Covenant to be implemented “without discrimination of any kind as to race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (Article 2 {2} ).

Article 3 ensures the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights contained in the Covenant. The rights set forth in the Covenant can only be limited by law, in a manner compatible with the nature of rights, and only for the purpose of “promoting the general welfare in a democratic society” (Article 4).

Part 3 (Articles 6-15) lists the rights set forth in the Covenant which includes:

Article 6, 7, and 8: The right to “work” under “just and favourable conditions” and the right to form trade unions

Article 9: The right to social security, including social insurance

Article 10: The right to family protections, marriage only by consent, and leave for new mothers and protection of children from exploitation

Article 11: The right to an adequate standard of living, including adequate food, clothing and housing, and the “continuous improvement of living conditions”

Article 12: The right to the highest attainable standard of health

Article 13: The right to education

Article 14: States shall make primary education compulsory and free of charge

Article 15: The right of everyone to take part in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of scientific progress

Part 4: Articles 16-25 govern the reporting and monitoring of the Covenant and the steps required to be taken by state parties to implement it. It allows the monitoring body, The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to make general recommendations to the UN General Assembly on the measures taken and the progress made by the State parties in achieving general observance of the rights recognized in the present Covenant.

Part 5: Articles 26-31 govern ratification, entry into force and amendment of the Covenant.

Optional Protocol: The Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights is a side agreement to the Covenant which allows its parties to recognize the competence of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to consider complaints from individuals.

The Optional Protocol was adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 2008. It was open for signature on September 24, 2009 and was entered into force on May 5, 2013.

*ICESCR AND PAKISTAN

Pakistan has a general reservation to interpret the Covenant within the framework of its constitution.

The Constitution of Pakistan 1973 does not include an extended list of socio-economic rights under Chapter 1 on Fundamental Rights. However, the right to education is now expressly recognized in Article 25A inserted through the 18thAmendment. Article 22 (Safeguards to Educational Institutions in Respect of Religion) and Article 28 (preservation of language, script and culture recognize what are normally considered cultural rights). In addition, the Constitution provides for freedom from slavery and forced labour (Article 11); freedom of trade, business or profession (Article 18); safeguards against taxation for the propagation of a religion other than one’s own (Article 21); right not to receive religious instructions in an educational institution except those related to one’s own religion (Article 22); and finally the right to property (Article 23 and 24).

The Principles of Policy (Articles 29-40) call upon the State to “make provision for the just and humane conditions of work; to provide basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, housing, education and medical relief” without discrimination; and “to reduce disparity in income and earnings”. Furthermore, the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 requires the discouragement of parochial prejudices (Article 33), take steps to ensure participation of women in national life (Article 34), protect the institution of the marriage and the family (Article 35), protect minorities (Article 36), promote social justice (Article 37) and promote social and economic well being of the people (Article 38).  Therefore, various provisions and policy principles of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973 reflect the provisions set forth in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.

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Who's afraid of the Islamic State?

e  recent boast by the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (Isis) that, with billions of dollars in the bank, it can “call on [its] wilayah in Pakistan to purchase a nuclear device through weapons dealers with links to corrupt officials in the region” came as a startling revelation. More realistically, the jihadi organisation claimed in its propaganda magazine, Dabiq, “if not a

India funding claims: Documents purport to reveal MQM leader's statement

KARACHI: Documents purported to be property of the London police surfaced on social media late Friday, suggesting that a senior Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) leader had disclosed the party's alleged links to India's Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) intelligence agency during an interview with British authorities.

Three pages of text, some of it censored with what appears to be black ink, purport to reveal party leader Tariq Mir as saying that MQM had New Delhi's support and that supremo Altaf Hussain received funding from India.

Imran Farooq murder case: Scotland Yard team arrives in Islamabad

The team was requested by the government of Pakistan for assistance in the ongoing investigation into the murder case. —AFP/File

ISLAMABAD: A team from Britain's Scotland Yard (London Metropolitan Police) arrived in Islamabad on Saturday in relation to the investigation of the murder of Muttahida Qaumi Movement (MQM) leader Dr Imran Farooq.

Physics

This article is about the field of science. For other uses, see Physics (disambiguation).

Various examples of physical phenomena.

Further information: Outline of physics

Physics (from Ancient Greek: φυσική (ἐπιστήμη) phusikḗ (epistḗmē) "knowledge of nature", from φύσις phúsis "nature"^[1][2][3]) is the natural science that involves the study of matter^[4] and its motionthrough space and time, along with related concepts such as energyand force.^[5] More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves.^[a][6][7]

Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.^[8] Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics,

Chemistry

For other uses, see Chemistry (disambiguation).

"Chemical science" redirects here. For the Royal Society of Chemistry journal, see Chemical Science (journal).

Solutions of substances in flasks, including ammonium hydroxide andnitric acid, illuminated in different colors.

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter.^[1][2] Chemistry is chiefly concerned with atoms andmolecules and their interactions and transformations, for example, the properties of the chemical bonds formed between atoms to create chemical compounds. As such, chemistry studies the involvement of electrons and various forms of energy inphotochemical reactions, oxidation-reduction reactions, changes in phases of matter, and separation of mixtures. Preparation and properties of complex substances, such as alloys, polymers, biological molecules, and pharmaceuticalagents are considered in specialized fields of chemistry.

Chemistry is sometimes called the central science because it

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