Basic Grammar: Parts of Speech

Basic Grammar: Parts of Speech

English Grammar is traditionally divided into parts of speech. Here, we add an extra category, the expletive. Other categorisations of language structures enable us to describe the function of a word or words in a sentence. The parts of speech, however, can be thought of as the building blocks of the language; in English they are arranged in a way that is typical for English. These building blocks are used to construct phrases, clauses, and sentences.

• Nouns
• Articles
• Verbs and Verbals
• Pronouns
• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Conjunctive Adverbs
• Prepositions
• Conjunctions
• Interjections
• Expletives

Nouns

A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. Most nouns may be singular (i.e., represent one person, place, thing, or idea) or plural (i.e., represent more than one person, place, thing, or idea). A plural noun usually ends with an s. There are also many irregular plural forms that must be learned and recognized.

Examples:				Singular		Plural
		Person		boy		boys
				woman		women
		Place		Lake Erie		Great Lakes
				Vancouver
		Thing		house		houses
				tree		trees
		Idea		democracy		democracies
				freedom		freedoms
				love		love

Types of Nouns

A noun may belong to more than one of the following groups.

Proper

• name a particular person, place, or thing
• require a capital letter

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		Anne		Hyde Park		(the) Bible
		Gandhi		Mt. Everest		Concorde
		Mr. Lee		Vancouver		Ford Escort

Common

• name a class of persons, places, or things
• do not require a capital letter

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		child		city		chair
		doctor		home		expression
		singer		restaurant		snow

Collective

• name of groups of persons, places, and things
• may be singular or plural

Examples:		Person		Place		Thing
		club		forest		decade
		jury		mall		dozen
		team				herd
						flock

Abstract

• name of things not knowable through the five senses (touch, hear, see, smell, taste)

Examples:

humour, fatigue, liberty, love, refusal, truth

Concrete

• name things that are knowable through the five senses (touch, hear, see, smell, and taste)

Examples:		Touch		Hear		See		Smell		Taste
		snow		cry		cloud		fumes		coffee
		tree		sigh		landscape		odour		hot dog
		wind		whisper		moon		perfume		salt

Count

• name people, places, and things that can be counted, as in one pen, two pens
• have irregular forms where the plural is quite different from the singular form, or have the same form as the singular, e.g., sheep.

Examples:		Regular Countables				Irregular Countables
		cat		cats		child		children
		house		houses		goose		geese
		husband		husbands		person		people
		socialist		socialists		woman		women

Non-count or mass

• name things that cannot be counted

Examples:

advice, information, news, rice, sugar, water

ALLAH ALLAH HAMD

PAKISTANI NATIONAL SONGS

NAZIA HASSAN SUPER HIT SONGS

ATTAULLAH KHAN ESA KHELVI VIDEO SONGS

Jeeto Pakistan 6 December 2015 with Mahira khan

Dilsale new indian movies 2015

Ajey Devgan's Dilwale indian movie

Aashiqui indian movie

YOGI Indian Movie HIndi Dubbed

Returns of Arundhati, Indian Hindi Movi 2015

PK Inian Movie by Mr Amir Khan

List of dowry articles

Qanoon-e-Shahadat section 17

suit for the recovery of dowry articles- non production of receipts for dowry article – effect – provision of the qanun-e-shahadat 1984 were not applicable in the proceedings before family court act 1964 – intent of the legislature was clearly to simplify the proceddure and the law makers were aware of the fact that in cases relating to dower the lists were seldom prepared and receipts were very rarely kept intact as everyone made arrangements for marriage of one's daughter with the hope and prayer that she would lead a happily married life.

2013 CLC 698 Lahore

Marriage of Muslim girl below sixteen years in PAKISTAN

Section 375 Pakistan Penal Code

 Ss. 2(a) & (b) Child Marriage Restrain Act 1929 Ss. 2(a) & (b)

Section 491 Habeas Corpus Criminal Procedure Code  1898 – Petition for the recovery of Detenue – Rape —

Marriage of Muslim girl below sixteen years of age who had otherwise attained puberty and consented to the marriage — Legality — complainant (father of alleged detenue ) filed present petition for recovery of her daughter contending that she was a minor girl and accused was subjecting her to rape – alleged detenue contended that she had attained puberty and contracted marriage with the accused out of her own free will and consant –– validity — Medical reports of alleged detenue revealed that she was between 14 and 15 years of age at the time of her marriage with the accused – medico-legal certificate available on record showed that alleged detenue had developed all physical characteristics of having attained puberty  – marriage of the Muslim girl who was below 16 yeas of age, but had attained puberty and was also a consenting party to the marriage, was valid for all intent and purposes  — relationship of accused with the alleged detenue could not be equated with rape in such circumstances — Alleged detenue claimed to have attained puberty and admitted her willful nikah with the accused and also deposed to accompany him — petition for recovery of alleged detenue was dismissed in circumstances.

PLD 2013 Lahore 243

1994 SCMR 2102

Remarriage after Khula without Intervening

Remarriage after Khula without Intervening 

Section 7(6) Muslim Family Law Ordinance 1961 — constitutional petition — re-marriage – parties were husband and wife inter se and their marriage had been dissolved on the basis of khula vide ex parte decree dated 7-11-2009 – plea raised by parties was that suit for dissolution of marriage was filed on misunderstanding and both of them wanted to re-marry  without intervening marriage (Hallala) – validity – Approved mode of divorce, under Muslim Family laws Ordinance 1961 was by one “Talaq” and such mode was obligatory for husband to divorce by one mode of “talaq” other than “Talaq-e-“Ahsan” – Couple could remarry without any intervening marriage except where wife had been divorced thrice and third divorce had become 4effective and only in that case they could not remarry without “Halala” – All divorces were revocable under section 7(6) of Muslim Fmaily Law Ordinance 1961 – High Court allowed reunion of parties after revival of “Nikah” particularly when wife was willing to live again with her husband and to perform her matrimonial conjugal rights within the limits ordained by the Holy Quran and Sunnah – Petition was allowed in circumstances.

PLD 2013  Sindh 209

Custody of minor girl to father

Mother's claim for guardinship of minor daughter, second marriage by mother with a person not related to minor within prohibited degree, father haveing three children from second marriage– validity– mere second marriage by father would not disentitle him from getting custody of his minor daughter– mother, according to Islamic Law, despite being entitled to custody of her minor daughter would become disentitled, if she took second husband not related to minor within prohibited degree, thus custody of minor in such case would belong to her real father. Custody of minor daughter was directed to be handed over to her father in cicumstances (2014 SCMR 343)

Defamation suit

Defamation suit

under section 3 of the defamation Ordinance 2002— scopoe…. When no publication was made in any newspaper or at any open or public place, defamation is not alleged and case does not fall under the defamation Ordinance 2002

PLD 2015 Sindh 83

Compulsory Registration

Section 17 and 49 of Registration Act (XVI of 1908)…. document registration of….. scope… every document purporting to create any right. title or interest of the value of Rs.100 and upward would require compulsory Registration

2015 CLC 385 Baluchistan

Divorce through SMS

Divorce through SMS

Article 73 of Qanun-e-Shahadat Information conveyed over modern devices such as SMS – such information is means to communication validly accepted all over the world, however the witness in whose presence such information is conveyed or received is always important to prove a fact through its verification — Although under article 73 of Qanoon e Shahadat 1984 modern devices are legally acceptable yet in order to prove a fact, the required procedure has to be followed.

PLD 2015 Lahore 231

specific performance on un-registered power of attorney sale agreement

Order V rule 15 CPC 1908, Registration Act 1908, Section 17 of Specific Relief Act 1877, Section 12 Suit for specific Performance of contract… Owner of Property an illiterate lady.. Agreement to sell through attorney.. Power of attorney, nonregistration of … effect… summons of services of … Scope. Service of summons on maid of defendant in a suit was not a proper service.. Plaintiff had failed to place on record any registered power of attorney.. Seller (owner) title document should be registered for the purpose of alienation of immoveable property… if immoveable property was sold though power of attorney then same should have been registered and without the same attorney could not be deemed to have been duly authorized to sell the property… General power of attorney in the present case was not a register documents therefore agreement of sale through attorney of actual owner on the basis of said power of attorney was no enforceable in law… court had to be even more careful in a case of an immoveable property of an illiterate woman.. Suit was dismissed in circumstances.

2015 CLC 1071 Sindh 

Claim on Breach of Contract

Claim on Breach of Contract

Section 55 of the Contact Act 1872, Breach of Contract… claim for damages—- Scope—party could maintain his right to claim damages with reference to a breach of contract but such right would not be available for the party with reference to natural local or international changes causing effect upon value of the subject of contract particularly when this was not so mentioned in the agreement.

PLD 2015 Sindh 481

Lien/Right of Banker to set off

Lien/Right of Banker to set off

section 171 contact Act, lien / right of banker to set off — principle—Banker and customer – even under the law which provided for recovery through coercive process csuch as land revenue, determination of amount due is an essential pre-requisite—bank cannot be conferred with judicial powers for determination of amount due against its customer/borrower – right/power to sell off is available only where amount claimed is due and is certain and determined by competent judicial forum.

2015 SCMR 1341

Un-Registered Document to sell

Un-Registered Document to sell

Under section 9 of the transfer of the property Act 1908, documents of agreement to sell does not create any legal title but creates a right to obtain another documents for example registered sale deed. Agreement to sell by itself cannot confer any title on the vendee because the same is not a title Deed. Agreement to sell does not require compulsory registration as held by Hon’able Supreme Court in case of Muhammad yousuf versus Munawar HUSSAIN and five others reported in 2000 SCMR 204 which is as under:

“In this view of the matter the right course for the petitioner would have been to institute a suit for specific performance if at all such agreement was executed. The agreement to sell by itself cannot confer any title on the vendee because the same is not a title deed and such agreement does not confer any propriety right and thus it is obvious that the declaratory decree as envisaged by section 42 of the specific Relief Act cannot be awarded because declaration can only be given in respect of legal right or character. The only right arising out of any agreement to sell is to seek its specific performance and in case the vendee has been put in possession the same is protected under section 53-A of the Act.”

Sub-Power after the death of Principle Party

Sub-Power after the death of Principle Party

Section 201 contract Act 1872, constitution of Pakistan article 185(3), sub power of attorney— issued by attorney after death of principal…effect… claim of petitioner/purported purchaser over suit property was based on the conveyance deed executed by the sub attorney of the respondent seller.. validity.. alleged power of attorney issued by respondent in favor of attorney was terminated on the death of respondent principal, therefore the attorney was not authorized to execute a sub power of attorney after death of the principal. In such circumstances the sub power of attorney was invalid and of no legal effect and sub attorney was not authorized to sell the property to the petitioner vide conveyance deed,. Further the purported purchase was the real mother of the sub attorney and as the time of alleged sale of property to her vide conveyance deed sub attorney made no efforts to obtain consent of attorney or principle seller, who has died by that time… petition for leave to appeal was dismissed accordingly and leave was refused (PLD 2014 Supreme Court 794)

Compulsory Registration

Section 17 and 49 of Registration Act (XVI of 1908)…. document registration of….. scope… every document purporting to create any right. title or interest of the value of Rs.100 and upward would require compulsory Registration

2015 CLC 385 Baluchistan