Sunday, June 21, 2020

The First Victoria Cross Winner 1854

The First Victoria Cross Winner 1854
Ever since the Crimean War (1854-56) the Victoria Cross has been the highest award for British service personnel for gallantry in the face of the enemy. It takes precedence in order of wear over all other British orders, decorations, and medals, including the Order of the Garter. Instituted by Queen Victoria in 1856 it was revolutionary at the time of introduction in that award made no distinction between officers and enlisted men. Of some 1358 awarded since then, only fifteen have been won since the end of WW2. The medal is of bronze taken from Russian cannon captured at Sevastopol and these cannon themselves may have been of Chinese origin.

Battle of Bomarsund

The Battle of Bomarsund, in August 1854, took place during the Crimean War, when an Anglo-French expeditionary force attacked a Russian fortress. It was the only major action of the war to take place at Bomarsund in the Baltic Sea.

Bomarsund was a 19th-century fortress, the construction of which had started in 1832 by Russia in Sund, Åland Islands, in the Baltic Sea. Bomarsund had not been completed (only two towers

Ratification of the Constitution by the State of New Hampshire, June 21, 1788

New Hampshire was the ninth state to do so, and with its ratification, the Constitution was officially in effect. New Hampshire's ratification message included several suggested changes to the Constitution, including one which would said "Congress shall never disarm any citizen, unless such as are or have been in actual rebellion." The following text is taken from the Library of Congress's copy of Elliot's Debates.

In Convention of the Delegates of the People of the State of New Hampshire, June the 21st, 1788.

The Convention having impartially discussed and fully considered the Constitution for the United States of America, reported to Congress by the Convention of Delegates from the United States of America, and submitted to us by a resolution of the General Court of said state, passed the 14th day of December last past, and acknowledging with grateful hearts the goodness of the Supreme Ruler

1788 US Constitution comes into effect when New Hampshire is the 9th state to ratify it
The Constitutional Convention. Every state but Rhode Island sent delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. The gathering included some of the most respected and talented men in America. George Washington was named president.
Edmund Randolph proposed the "Virginia Plan," drafted by James Madison -- a plan that recommended an entirely new form of government, including an executive, a judiciary, and a legislature composed of two houses and including a number of representatives from each state based on their population.

Solar Eclipse 2020: Safety and precautions to be taken during Surya Grahan

Annual Solar Eclipse 2020: India with several other countries will witness the first Surya Grahan or Annual Solar Eclipse of the year on June 21. However, certain safety measures are advised during this event. Find out the advised precautionary measures below.

Annual Solar Eclipse 2020: India and several other countries will witness the first Surya Grahan or Annual Solar Eclipse of the year on June 21. This will be the deepest Annual Solar Eclipse of 2020 where the moon will cover the centre leaving the outer rim of the sun. In its maximum phase, the sun will appear as a necklace of pearls.

Trump didn’t care for human rights in China

STARTING IN 2017, a picture slowly began to emerge from China’s far northwest:

China casts doubts long-term trade deal possible with Trump ...

compounds surrounded by watchtowers, no trees, high fences, and reports of people being taken away without due process or explanation. Eyewitnesses and family members described how China was building a string of concentration camps for its Uighur minority and others, incarcerating more than 1 million Turkic Muslims in an attempt to eradicate their culture, language and identity, one of the most appalling human rights abuses in the world today.

Second lunar eclipse of 2020 witnessed in Pakistan

The second lunar eclipse of 2020 was witnessed in various parts of the world including Pakistan on night between Friday and Saturday.

It was a partial lunar eclipse which lasted for four hours and 18 minutes. The eclipse started at 10:46pm on Friday in Pakistan and reached the peak at 12:25am on Saturday and ended at 2:04am.

'Ring of fire' solar eclipse begins in Pakistan

As moon made first contact and started covering the Sun, 2020’s first solar eclipse has begun in Pakistan. Sukkar and Gawadar will witness greatest phase of celestial spectacle with over 98 and 97 percent coverage respectively.

Zartaj Gul Wazir stirs up a storm on social media with novel definition of COVID-19

Minister of State for Climate Change Zartaj Gul Wazir had social media in stitches on Saturday after she provided a novel definition of COVID-19.

"COVID-19 means that it has 19 points that can be applied in any country in any way," said during a current affairs show on PTV News.

What is solar eclipse?

The solar eclipse happens when the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun and blocks the rays of the Sun from directly reaching the Earth. So, it creates a solar eclipse on Earth. There are three kinds of solar eclipses — total, partial, and annular. The June 21 event will be an annular solar eclipse.

The solar eclipse happens when the Moon comes between the Earth and the Sun and blocks the rays of the Sun from directly reaching the Earth. So, it creates a solar eclipse on Earth. There are three kinds of solar eclipses — total, partial, and annular. The June 21 event will be an annular solar eclipse.

What is annular solar eclipse?

The name 'annular' is derived from the Latin word for ring, 'annulus.' Annular eclipses are named for their darkest point even if they only last less than a second. An annular solar eclipse happens when the Moon covers the Sun's center, leaving the Sun's visible outer edges to form a “ring of fire” or annulus around the Moon. People in many parts of the world will see a rare solstice annular solar eclipse on the same day as the June solstice. Ring of Fire' solar eclipse descends upon Pakistan - DAWN.COM

Solar Eclipse 2020 LIVE updates in Pakistan

11:23am - Temperature drops in cities in Sindh

Sukkur, Larkana and Hyderabad saw a drop in temperatures as they witnessed a solar eclipse.

The 'ring of fire' appeared in Sukkur at 11:08 for a few seconds on Sunday. Sukkur is one of the few cities in Pakistan where the 'ring of fire' appeared. Rare 'ring of fire' solar eclipse to dim Africa, Asia - SAMAA

11:08am - ‘Ring of fire’ witnessed in Sukkur

The 'ring of fire' appeared in Sukkur at 11:08 for a few seconds on Sunday. Sukkur is one of the few cities in Pakistan where the 'ring of fire' appeared.

Sun / Solar eclipse 2020 live updates: How and when to watch the suraj grahan in Pakistan

A solar eclipse, or suraj grahan as it is known in Pakistan, is set to occur on June 21 and would be visible in some cities across the country, the Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) Climate Data Processing Centre has said in a statement.

Annual Solar Eclipse 2020

According to the centre, "an annular solar eclipse happens when the moon covers the sun's centre, leaving the sun's visible outer edges to form a 'ring of fire' or annulus

corona ?

a white or colored circle or set of concentric circles of light seen around a luminous body, especially around the sun or moon.

Meteorology. such a circle or set of circles having a small radius and ranging in color from blue inside to red outside, attributable to the diffraction caused by thin clouds, mist, or sometimes dust (distinguished from halo).

Astronomy. a faintly luminous envelope outside of the sun's chromosphere, the inner part consisting of highly ionized elements.

a long, straight, untapered cigar, rounded at the closed end.

Botany. a crownlike appendage, especially one on the inner side of a corolla, as in the narcissus.

Anatomy. the upper portion or crown of a part, as of the head.

any part or structure suggestive of a crown or curved crown shape.

Pathology. a coronavirus, especially COVID-19.

Electricity. corona discharge.

Architecture. the projecting, slablike member of a classical cornice supported by the bed molding or by modillions, dentils, etc., and supporting the cymatium.

the tonsure of a cleric.

Ecclesiastical. a gold-colored stripe around the lower edge of a clerical headdress, as of a miter.

a chandelier of wrought metal, having the form of one or more concentric hoops.

Isabella Fiorella Elettra Giovanna Rossellini

Isabella Fiorella Elettra Giovanna Rossellini (born 18 June 1952)^[1] is an Italian-American actress, filmmaker, author, philanthropist, and model. The daughter of the Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman and the Italian neorealist film director Roberto Rossellini, she is noted for her successful tenure as a Lancôme model, and for her roles in films such as Blue Velvet (1986) and Death Becomes Her (1992). Rossellini received a Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance in Crime of the Century (1996).

Rossellini was born in Rome, the daughter of Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman, who was of Swedish and German descent, and Italian director Roberto Rossellini, who was born in Rome from a family originally from Pisa, Tuscany. She has three siblings from her mother: her fraternal twin sister Isotta Rossellini, who is an adjunct professor of Italian literature; a brother, Robertino Ingmar Rossellini;^[2] and a half-sister, Pia Lindström, who formerly worked on television and is from her mother's first marriage with Petter Lindström. She has four other siblings from her father's two other marriages: Romano (who died at age nine), Renzo, Gil, and Raffaella.

1856 Republican National Convention

The 1856 Republican National Convention was a presidential nominating convention that met from June 17 to June 19 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the first national convention in the history of the Republican Party, and was held to nominate the party's candidates for president and vice president in the 1856 election. The convention selected former Senator John C. Frémont of California for president and former Senator William L. Dayton of New Jersey for vice president. The convention also appointed the members of the newly-established Republican National Committee.

The Republican Party had been organized by opponents of the expansion of slavery in the territories following the passage of the 1854 Kansas–Nebraska Act. With William Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and Charles Sumner all taking their names out of consideration, Frémont entered the Republican convention as the front-runner for the presidential nomination. Frémont had previously been nominated by

The rubber tree

Commercially, natural rubber is obtained almost exclusively from Hevea brasiliensis, a tree indigenous to South America, where it grows wild to a height of 34 metres (120 feet). Cultivated in plantations, however, the tree grows only to about 24 metres (80 feet) because carbon, necessary for growth, is also an essential constituent of rubber. Since only atmospheric carbon dioxide can supply carbon to the plant, the element has to be rationed between the two needs when the tree is in active production. Also, with foliage limited to the top of the tree (to facilitate tapping), the intake of carbon dioxide is less than in a wild tree. Other trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants produce rubber, but, because none of them compares for efficiency with Hevea brasiliensis, industry botanists have concentrated their efforts exclusively on this species.

Charles Goodyear, American inventor of the vulcanization process that made possible the commercial use of rubber

Charles Goodyear, (born Dec. 29, 1800, New Haven, Conn., U.S.—died July 1, 1860, New York City), American inventor of the vulcanization process that made possible the commercial use of rubber.

Goodyear began his career as a partner in his father’s hardware business, which went bankrupt in 1830. He then became interested in discovering a method of treating india rubber so that it would lose its adhesiveness and susceptibility to extremes of heat and cold. He developed a nitric acid treatment and in 1837 contracted for the manufacture by this process of mailbags for the U.S. government, but the rubber fabric proved useless at high temperatures.

17 JUNE 1789 French Revolution: During the meeting of the Estates-General, the Third Estate proclaims itself the 'National Assembly'

The Estates-General, convened by Louis XVI to deal with France’s financial crisis, assembled on May 5, 1789. Its members were elected to represent the estates of the realm: the First Estate (the clergy), the Second Estate (the nobility), and the Third Estate (the commoners) but the Third Estate had been granted “double representation” (twice as many delegates as each of the other estates). However, the following day, the Third Estate discovered that the royal decree granting double representation also upheld the traditional voting by orders. That meant that the nobles and the clergy could together outvote the commoners by 2 to 1. If, on the other hand, each delegate was to have one vote, the majority would prevail. As a result, double representation was meaningless in terms of power. The Third Estate refused to accept the imposed rules and proceeded to meet separately, calling themselves the Communes (“Commons”).

Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan

On June 17th 1631 Mumtaz Mahal, the beloved wife of Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, died while giving birth to their fourteenth child in Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh. Thereafter, Shah Jahan spent more than twenty years building the Taj Mahal in memory of his beloved wife.

The Taj Mahal is probably the world’s most recognized building apart from being called one of the "New Seven Wonders of the World". This magnificent, white marbled mausoleum was built by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan as the final resting place for his wife Arjuman Banu (also known as Mumtaz Mahal), who died during childbirth on June 17th, 1631.

Mumtaz Mahal was born on April 6th, 1593 in Agra to Abdul Hasan Asaf Khan, a Persian Nobleman, which made Mumtaz Mahal the niece of Empress Nur Jehan and later her daughter-in-law. At the age of fourteen, Mumtaz Mahal was engaged to Prince Khurram (also known as Shah Jahan) who fell in love with her at first sight. The year was 1607. The couple had to wait for five years after their engagement to get married - the date of their wedding was to be decided by an astrologer, which would be instrumental in ensuring a happy married life for the couple. Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan finally got married in 1612 and she became the love of his life.

New Albion, also known as Nova Albion

New Albion, also known as Nova Albion, was the name of the continental area north of Mexico claimed by Sir Francis Drake for England when he landed on the North American west coast in 1579. This claim became the justification for English charters across America to the Atlantic coast and soon influenced further national expansion projects on the continent. Today, Drake's landing site is known as Point Reyes, California, a marine environment which is the setting of several small towns, ranches, and Point Reyes National Seashore.

Drake, after successfully sacking Spanish towns and plundering Spanish ships along their eastern Pacific coast colonies, sought safe harbour to prepare his ship, Golden Hind, for circumnavigation back to

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam

ʿAlī, in full ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, (born c. 600, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died January 661, Kufa, Iraq), cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shiʿi branches.

Alī Ibn Abī Ṭālib Names And Sources

ʿAlī is known within the Islamic tradition by a number of titles, some reflecting his personal qualities and others derived from particular episodes of his life. They include Abū al-Ḥasan (“Father of Ḥasan” [the name of his oldest son]), Abū Turāb (“Father of Dust”), Murtaḍā (“One Who Is Chosen and Contented”), Asad Allāh (“Lion of God”), Ḥaydar (“Lion”), and—specifically among the Shiʿah—Amīr al-Muʾminīn (“Prince of the Faithful”) and Mawlāy-i Muttaqiyān (“Master of the God-Fearing”). The title Abū Turāb, for example, recalls the time when, according to tradition, Muhammad entered a mosque and, seeing ʿAlī sleeping there full of dust, said to him, “O father of dust, get up.” Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as ʿAlī. The primary sources for scholarship on the life of ʿAlī are the Hadith and the sīrah literature (accounts of the Prophet Muhammad’s life), as well as other biographical sources and texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shiʿi Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are coloured to some extent by a bias, whether positive or negative, toward ʿAlī.

Alī Ibn Abī Ṭālib,LIFE EARLY YEARS

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib,LIFE

EARLY YEARS

ʿAlī’s life, as recorded especially in the Sunni and Shiʿi texts, can be divided into several distinct periods separated by major events. The son of Abū Ṭālib and his wife Fāṭimah bint Asad, ʿAlī was born, according to most older historical sources, on the 13th day of the lunar month of Rajab, about the year 600, in Mecca. Many sources, especially Shiʿi ones, record that he was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Kaʿbah, a shrine said to have been built by Abraham and later dedicated to the traditional gods of the Arabs, which became the central shrine of Islam after the advent of the religion and the removal of all idols from it. ʿAlī was related to the Prophet through his father and mother: Abū Ṭālib was Muhammad’s uncle and became his guardian when the boy’s father died, and Fāṭimah bint Asad acted as the Prophet’s mother after his biological mother died. When ʿAlī was five years old, his father became impoverished, and ʿAlī was taken in and raised by Muhammad and his wife Khadījah. At age 10 ʿAlī became, according to tradition, the second person after Khadījah to accept Islam. Although ʿAlī’s father refused to give up his devotion to traditional Arabic polytheism, he accepted ʿAlī’s decision, telling him, “Since he [the Prophet] leads you only to righteousness, follow him and keep close to him.”

Alī ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate From Mecca to Medina

Alī

ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate From Mecca to Medina

The second period of ʿAlī’s life, lasting slightly more than a decade, begins in 610, when Muhammad received the first of his revelations, and ends with the migration of the Prophet to Medina in 622. During this period ʿAlī was Muhammad’s constant companion. Along with Zayd ibn Ḥāritha, who was like a son to the Prophet, Abū Bakr, a respected member of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca, and Khadījah, he helped to form the nucleus of the earliest Meccan Islamic community. From 610 to 622 ʿAlī spent much of his time providing for the needs of believers in Mecca,

Alī

ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and Islam to the death of Muhammad

ʿAlī was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. Shortly after his arrival, the Prophet told ʿAlī that he (the Prophet) had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fāṭimah to ʿAlī in marriage. This union affected the entire history of Islam, for from it were born a daughter, Zaynab—who played a major role during the Umayyad period in claiming the rights of the family of the Prophet after her brother Ḥusayn was killed in Iraq—and two sons, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. The latter two are the ancestors of those known as sharīf or sayyid (meaning “noble” and “master” respectively)—that is, descendants of the Prophet and thus, in the eyes of some Muslims, legitimate heirs to leadership of the Islamic community. Ḥasan and Ḥusayn also became the second and third imams of the Shiʿah (respectively) after ʿAlī. Although polygyny was permitted, ʿAlī did not marry another woman while Fāṭimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly

17 JUNE 656 Ali ibn Abu Talib elected the 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate

Arabia]—died January 661, Kufa, Iraq), cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shiʿi branches.

FIA TEST AND PAST PAPERS QUESTION ANSWER

FIA Past Paper QUESTION ANSWER

Q. When Mohammedan Educational Conference was formed?

1866.

Q. When British Indian Association was formed?

Ans. May, 1866.

Q. When Indian National Congress was formed?

Ans. 1885.

Q. Who formed Indian Patriotic Association?

Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1888.

Q. Who was the founder of Mohammedan Defense Association?

Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.

Q. Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?

Ans. Allen Octivian Hume.

Q. Who was the founder of Brahmoo Samaj?

Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Ray.

Q. Who was the founder of Parathna Samaj?

Ans. Dr. Atama Ray Pand Ring.

Q. Who was the founder of Deo-Samaj?