New Albion, also known as Nova Albion

New Albion, also known as Nova Albion, was the name of the continental area north of Mexico claimed by Sir Francis Drake for England when he landed on the North American west coast in 1579. This claim became the justification for English charters across America to the Atlantic coast and soon influenced further national expansion projects on the continent. Today, Drake's landing site is known as Point Reyes, California, a marine environment which is the setting of several small towns, ranches, and Point Reyes National Seashore.

Drake, after successfully sacking Spanish towns and plundering Spanish ships along their eastern Pacific coast colonies, sought safe harbour to prepare his ship, Golden Hind, for circumnavigation back to

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam

ʿAlī, in full ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib, (born c. 600, Mecca, Arabia [now in Saudi Arabia]—died January 661, Kufa, Iraq), cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shiʿi branches.

Alī Ibn Abī Ṭālib Names And Sources

Alī Ibn Abī Ṭālib Names And Sources

ʿAlī is known within the Islamic tradition by a number of titles, some reflecting his personal qualities and others derived from particular episodes of his life. They include Abū al-Ḥasan (“Father of Ḥasan” [the name of his oldest son]), Abū Turāb (“Father of Dust”), Murtaḍā (“One Who Is Chosen and Contented”), Asad Allāh (“Lion of God”), Ḥaydar (“Lion”), and—specifically among the Shiʿah—Amīr al-Muʾminīn (“Prince of the Faithful”) and Mawlāy-i Muttaqiyān (“Master of the God-Fearing”). The title Abū Turāb, for example, recalls the time when, according to tradition, Muhammad entered a mosque and, seeing ʿAlī sleeping there full of dust, said to him, “O father of dust, get up.”                                                                                                                                             Except for Muhammad, there is no one in Islamic history about whom as much has been written in Islamic languages as ʿAlī. The primary sources for scholarship on the life of ʿAlī are the Hadith and the sīrah literature (accounts of the Prophet Muhammad’s life), as well as other biographical sources and texts of early Islamic history. The extensive secondary sources include, in addition to works by Sunni and Shiʿi Muslims, writings by Christian Arabs, Hindus, and other non-Muslims from the Middle East and Asia and a few works by modern Western scholars. However, many of the early Islamic sources are coloured to some extent by a bias, whether positive or negative, toward ʿAlī.

Alī Ibn Abī Ṭālib,LIFE EARLY YEARS

Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib,LIFE 

EARLY YEARS

ʿAlī’s life, as recorded especially in the Sunni and Shiʿi texts, can be divided into several distinct periods separated by major events. The son of Abū Ṭālib and his wife Fāṭimah bint Asad, ʿAlī was born, according to most older historical sources, on the 13th day of the lunar month of Rajab, about the year 600, in Mecca. Many sources, especially Shiʿi ones, record that he was the only person born in the sacred sanctuary of the Kaʿbah, a shrine said to have been built by Abraham and later dedicated to the traditional gods of the Arabs, which became the central shrine of Islam after the advent of the religion and the removal of all idols from it. ʿAlī was related to the Prophet through his father and mother: Abū Ṭālib was Muhammad’s uncle and became his guardian when the boy’s father died, and Fāṭimah bint Asad acted as the Prophet’s mother after his biological mother died. When ʿAlī was five years old, his father became impoverished, and ʿAlī was taken in and raised by Muhammad and his wife Khadījah. At age 10 ʿAlī became, according to tradition, the second person after Khadījah to accept Islam. Although ʿAlī’s father refused to give up his devotion to traditional Arabic polytheism, he accepted ʿAlī’s decision, telling him, “Since he [the Prophet] leads you only to righteousness, follow him and keep close to him.”

Alī ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate From Mecca to Medina

Alī 

ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate From Mecca to Medina

The second period of ʿAlī’s life, lasting slightly more than a decade, begins in 610, when Muhammad received the first of his revelations, and ends with the migration of the Prophet to Medina in 622. During this period ʿAlī was Muhammad’s constant companion. Along with Zayd ibn Ḥāritha, who was like a son to the Prophet, Abū Bakr, a respected member of the ruling Quraysh tribe of Mecca, and Khadījah, he helped to form the nucleus of the earliest Meccan Islamic community. From 610 to 622 ʿAlī spent much of his time providing for the needs of believers in Mecca,

Alī ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and Islam to the death of Muhammad

Alī 

ibn Abu Talib 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate and Islam to the death of Muhammad

ʿAlī was 22 or 23 years old when he migrated to Medina. Shortly after his arrival, the Prophet told ʿAlī that he (the Prophet) had been ordered by God to give his daughter Fāṭimah to ʿAlī in marriage. This union affected the entire history of Islam, for from it were born a daughter, Zaynab—who played a major role during the Umayyad period in claiming the rights of the family of the Prophet after her brother Ḥusayn was killed in Iraq—and two sons, Ḥasan and Ḥusayn. The latter two are the ancestors of those known as sharīf or sayyid (meaning “noble” and “master” respectively)—that is, descendants of the Prophet and thus, in the eyes of some Muslims, legitimate heirs to leadership of the Islamic community. Ḥasan and Ḥusayn also became the second and third imams of the Shiʿah (respectively) after ʿAlī. Although polygyny was permitted, ʿAlī did not marry another woman while Fāṭimah was alive, and his marriage to her possesses a special spiritual significance for all Muslims because it is seen as the marriage between the greatest saintly

17 JUNE 656 Ali ibn Abu Talib elected the 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate

17 JUNE 656  Ali ibn Abu Talib elected the 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate

Arabia]—died January 661, Kufa, Iraq), cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam, and fourth of the “rightly guided” (rāshidūn) caliphs, as the first four successors of Muhammad are called. Reigning from 656 to 661, he was the first imam (leader) of Shiʿism in all its forms. The question of his right to the caliphate (the political-religious structure comprising the community of Muslims and its territories that emerged after the death of Muhammad) resulted in the only major split in Islam, into the Sunni and Shiʿi branches.

FIA TEST AND PAST PAPERS QUESTION ANSWER

FIA Past Paper  QUESTION ANSWER 

Q. When Mohammedan Educational Conference was formed? 

1866. 

Q. When British Indian Association was formed? 

Ans. May, 1866. 

Q. When Indian National Congress was formed? 

Ans. 1885. 

Q. Who formed Indian Patriotic Association? 

Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan in 1888. 

Q. Who was the founder of Mohammedan Defense Association? 

Ans. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan. 

Q. Who was the founder of Indian National Congress? 

Ans. Allen Octivian Hume. 

Q. Who was the founder of Brahmoo Samaj? 

Ans. Raja Ram Mohan Ray. 

Q. Who was the founder of Parathna Samaj? 

Ans. Dr. Atama Ray Pand Ring. 

Q. Who was the founder of Deo-Samaj? 

ROLES OF A TEACHER IN THE 21ST CENTURY & MODERN SOCIETY

ROLES OF A TEACHER IN THE 21ST CENTURY & MODERN SOCIETY

The 7 Roles of a Teacher in the 21st Century 

& MODERN SOCIETY

Think about the type of lesson you normally teach:

• In which roles are you often involved?
• Are there any roles in which you have less experience?
• Are there any new roles you might try in the future?

It is clear that the 21st-century classroom needs are very different from the 20th-century ones. In the 21st century classroom, teachers are facilitators of student learning and creators of productive classroom environments, in which students can develop the skills they might need at present or in future.

However, before we begin to understand the evolving role of an ESL teacher, let’s outline some of the most popular teacher roles. Harmer, J. states that ‘it makes more sense to describe different teacher roles and say what they are useful for, rather than make value judgments about their effectiveness.’ So here are some of the most common teacher roles:

Teacher Roles:

Most teachers take on a variety of roles within the classroom, which role do you think most defines your role in the ESL classroom?

1. The Controller: The teacher is in complete charge of the class, what students do, what they say and how they say it. The teacher assumes this role when a new language is being introduced and accurate reproduction and drilling techniques are needed.

Developing Classroom Presence, Simple strategies for developing the strong relationships with students that encourage them to take risks and increase their learning.

Developing Classroom Presence

Simple strategies for developing the strong relationships with students that encourage them to take risks and increase their learning.

The quality of presence—a state of alert awareness, receptivity, and connectedness to the working of both the individuals and the group in the context of the learning environment—is unfortunately not often taught explicitly in teacher education programs.

What is curriculum development?

What is curriculum development?

The word curriculum has roots in Latin. It originally meant “racing chariot” and came from the verb currere, “to run”.

The way we understand and theorize about curriculum nowadays has altered significantly over the years. Today, the most simple definition of the word “curriculum” is the subjects comprising a course of study at schools, universities or colleges

Of course differences in course design exist—a math course taken at one university may cover the same material, but the educator could teach it in a different way—but the core fundamentals of curriculum development remain the same.

What are the models of curriculum development?

What are the models of curriculum development?

Current curriculum models can be broken down into two broad categories—the product model and the process model. The product model is results-oriented. Grades are the prime objective, with the focus lying more on the finished product rather than on the learning process. The process model, however, is more open-ended, and focuses on how learning develops over a period of time. These two models need to be taken into account when developing curriculum.

What is curriculum planning?

What is curriculum planning?

Curriculum planning involves the implementation of different types of instructional strategies and organizational methods that are focused on achieving optimal student development and student learning outcomes. Instructors might structure their curriculum around daily lesson plans, a specific assignment, a chunk of coursework, certain units within a class, or an entire educational program.

What are the types of curriculum design?

What are the types of curriculum design?

There are three basic types of curriculum design—subject-centered, learner-centered, and problem-centered design.
Subject-centered curriculum design revolves around a particular subject matter or discipline, such as mathematics, literature or biology. This type of curriculum design tends to focus on the subject, rather than the student. It is the most common type of standardized curriculum that can be found in K-12 public schools.

Teachers compile lists of subjects, and specific examples of how they should be studied. In higher education, this methodology is typically found in large university or college classes where teachers

What is curriculum design?

What is curriculum design?

Now that we’ve gone over curriculum development and planning, let’s discuss curriculum design. Curriculum design is the deliberate organization of curriculum within a course or classroom. When instructors design their curriculums, they identity what will be done, who will do it and when, as well as what the objective of each course is. Remember that the curriculum contains the knowledge and skills that a student needs to master in order to move to the next level. By thinking about how their curriculum is designed, teachers ensure they’ve covered all the necessary requirements. From there, they can start exploring various approaches and teaching methods that can help them achieve their goals.

The Importance Of Teacher In the Development of a Student’s Life

The most important role in the lives of students in their classroom is Teacher’s. The teachers bear the responsibility of educating the children placed in their care. Although they play many other important roles in the classroom, teachers set the classroom tone, add some warmth to the environment, mentor and nurture student minds while being their role model, even listening to their problems and look for any signs of trouble in their learning as well as personal lives.

Imparting Knowledge

The main common role of a teacher remains teaching and opening minds of children. Usually, a curriculum is followed by the teacher

AGE RELAXATION RULES FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT FOR FRESH AND GOVERNMENT SERVANT

AGE RELAXATION RULES FOR INITIAL APPOINTMENT FOR FRESH AND GOVERNMENT SERVANT

FOR FRESH  3-5 YEARS FROM CUT=OFF DATE LIKE AFTER 30 YEARS 

AND GOVERNMENT SERVANT 10 YEARS FROM ITS APPOINTMENT HAVING 02 YEARS SERVICES

The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith

The Wealth of Nations 

Adam Smith

Disagreement exists between classical and neoclassical economists about the central message of Smith's most influential work: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). Neoclassical economists emphasise Smith's invisible hand,^[83] a concept mentioned in the middle of his work – Book IV, Chapter II – and classical economists believe that Smith stated his programme for promoting the "wealth of nations" in the first sentences, which attributes the growth of wealth and prosperity to the division of labour.

Smith used the term "the invisible hand" in "History of Astronomy"^[84] referring to "the invisible hand of Jupiter", and once in each of his The Theory of Moral Sentiments^[85] (1759) and The Wealth of

Adam Smith 5 June 1723 to 17 July 1790) Scottish economist, philosopher, and author as well as a moral philosopher

Adam Smith

Adam Smith FRSA (c. 16 June [O.S. c. 5 June] 1723^[1] – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist, philosopher, and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy, and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment,^[5] also known as ''The Father of 

Economics''^[6] or ''The Father of Capitalism''.^[7] Smith wrote two classic works, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, often abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. In his work, Adam Smith introduced his theory of absolute advantage.^[8]

Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by fellow Scot John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at the University of Edinburgh,^[9] leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow, teaching moral philosophy and during this time, wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day.

US President Donald Trump to sign new police reform order

The new police reform order comes in the wake of rising Black Lives Matter protests across the US against the death of African American George Floyd in police custody in Minneapolis.

Donald Trump to sign new police reform orderUS President Donald Trump will sign a new executive order seeking police reforms on June 16, 2020. The order will seek to improve the treatment of African Americans and others by police officers by improving credentialing, training and mental health resources.

India- China violent face-off in Galwan Valley: One Indian Army officer, two soldiers killed

This unprecedented escalation at the border is the first between the two sides since the border stand off began in April 2020. 

A violent face-off reportedly took place between Indian and Chinese troops at Galwan Valley in Ladakh yesterday night during de-escalation process. One Indian Army officer and two soldiers were martyred. Senior military officials of both nations are currently conducting talks at the place to defuse the situation. 

4 Reasons You Are: In Love, In Lust, Or Indifferent

The sweet guy, the bad-boy, the nice guy and your hardheaded heart

Compulsive overeaters do not have a food problem they have a living problem.  Relationships are among life’s fundamental currencies because we are a social species. In this post, we are going to explore an aspect of romantic attractions. When it comes to guys, there are three types: Sweet Guy, Bad Boy, or Nice Guy. 

The sweet guy silently does things to improve your life, such as updating your

Bad Boys, Nice Guys, Good Girls and Sluts - بری لڑکے ، اچھے لوگ ، اچھی لڑکیاں اور سلوٹ- خراب ڇوڪرا ، سٺا ڇوڪرو ، سٺيون ڇوڪريون ۽ سلاستون

Bad Boys, Nice Guys, Good Girls and Sluts

Sexual stereotypes have always been with us. Do they still hold true?

There are certain iconic opposites that each of us wrestle with for ourselves.  No one else’s resolution will help.  Will you run the race to win vs. stop along the way to smell the roses?  Will you work toward a career in the family footprint or follow your heart?  Will you, young man, give in to your attraction for that sexy dim bulb or go for the woman who would make a docile wife and good mother?

For eons women have come in two stereotypes – virgins or whores. In the 21st

Quotes that Hold the True Meaning of Education

Quotes that Hold the True Meaning of Education

Great quotes make complexity simple. The following have three themes in common:

1)  They speak to parents and teachers.
2) They support research in youth development and education.
3) They provide impetus toward adult actions that support learning.

1. “Education...is painful, continual and difficult work to be done in kindness, by watching, by warning, by praise, but above all, by example.” — John Ruskin
2. “The job of an educator is to teach students to see the vitality in themselves.” — Joseph Campbell 
3. “There are two kinds of teachers: the kind that fills you with so much quail shot that you can't move, and the kind that just gives you a little prod behind and

20 Tips for Developing Positive Relationships With Parents

Twenty tips to help teachers better connect with parentsTwenty Tips for Developing Positive Relationships with Parents

In our busy day of juggling papers, lesson planning and managing sometimes more than a hundred students, we can easily forget the group that could lend significant support in our charge as teachers -- parents and families. Consider these tips for improving connections with this valuable group:

1. Smile When You See Parents
Greet them. Most parents only occasionally interact with teachers so make sure that at least 90 percent of your encounters with them are positive, warm, and friendly. The impressions left from fleeting encounters in the hallway last a long time.

2. Learn Their Names
(If you have a self-contained class.) Learn how they like to be

The Parent-Teacher Relationship: Why It’s More Important Than Ever

Here’s how even busy working moms can build this crucial relationship.

In an era where high-stakes testing of even our youngest kids is rampant—and often misleading—we’re reminded how crucial it is for parents to create strong relationships with teachers and childcare providers. Moms and dads need to be able to see beyond the test scores and work together with educators to understand their children’s unique strengths, interests and talents as learning patterns emerge.

مهرباني استاد مهرباني استاد THANK YOU TEACHER POEM

مهرباني استاد مهرباني ، قابل استاد ،
مون کي سيکارڻ لاءِ
هڪ مضبوط ، هوشيار ماڻهو ،
علمي طور تي. توهان جي مهرباني ، پسنديده استاد
ڪم دوست وانگر ،
۽ مون کي وقت ڏيکارڻ جو وقت ،
سمجھڻ لاءِ سبق. تنهنجي سار سنڀال لاءِ مهرباني
۽ ٻيون ٻيون شيون ؛
سڀني شين جي لاءِ جيڪو تو مون کي ڏنو ،
آئون تنهنجي پوري مهرباني نٿو ڪري سگهان.

جوانا فوچس پاران

Poems for teachers can compare teacher to a force of nature

Poems for teachers can compare teacher to a force of nature, as this thank you teacher poem does. This poem for teacher is one of my best Teacher Day poems. Looking for an inspirational teacher poem? This might be the one.

A Teacher for All Seasons

A teacher is like Spring,

Who nurtures new green sprouts,

Encourages and leads them,

Whenever they have doubts.

A teacher is like Summer,

Whose sunny temperament

Makes studying a pleasure,

Preventing discontent.

A teacher is like Fall,

With methods crisp and clear,

Lessons of bright colors

And a happy atmosphere.

A teacher is like Winter,

While it's snowing hard outside,

Keeping students comfortable,

As a warm and helpful guide.

Teacher, you do all these things,

With a pleasant attitude;

You're a teacher for all seasons,

And you have my gratitude!

By Joanna Fuchs

More Poems For Teachers From Students

There is a Sunday School teacher appreciation poem on the Christian poems page. There is a Christmas poem for a teacher on the Christmas poems page.

This short Teacher Day poem credits teacher with looking further than just the surface in this student.

I Have A Future

Thank you, Teacher,

For reaching deep in me

to find all I can be

before I can see it myself.

You never gave up on me.

I have a future

because of you.

By Joanna Fuchs

Teacher poems of appreciation, gratitude, and admiration

Teacher poems of appreciation, gratitude, and admiration. Thank you teacher poems make teacher feel valued and respected, for an extra special Teacher Day.

Number One Teacher

(Name of teacher),
I'm happy that you're my teacher;
I enjoy each lesson you teach.
As my role model you inspire me
To dream and to work and to reach.

With your kindness you get my attention;
Every day you are planting a seed
Of curiosity and motivation
To know and to grow and succeed.

You help me fulfill my potential;
I'm thankful for all that you've done.
I admire you each day, and I just want to say,
As a teacher, you're number one!

By Joanna Fuchs

This short Teacher Day poem is full of admiration. It's a rhyming poem.

The Teacher Gets A+

I look forward to your class
When I come to school.
You're an awesome teacher;
I think you're very cool.

You're smart and fair and friendly;
You're helping all of us.
And if I got to grade you,
From me you'd get A+!

By Joanna Fuchs

I Want To Be Like You

Thank you, teacher,
for being my life's role model.
When I consider all you've taught me
and reflect on the kind of person you are,
I want to be like you—
smart, interesting and engaging,
positive, confident, yet unpretentious.
I want to be like you—
well-informed and easy to understand,
thinking with your heart as well as your head,
gently nudging us to do our best,
with sensitivity and insight.
I want to be like you—
giving your time, energy and talent
to ensure the brightest possible future

for each of us.
Thank you, teacher
For giving me a goal to shoot for:
I want to be like you!

By Joanna Fuchs

What Are the Causes of a Poor Relationship Between a Student & Teacher?

Some students and teachers click right from the start, and other student-teacher relationships take time to develop. Unfortunately, there are occasions when teachers and students have long-lasting relationship problems. A poor relationship could be the result of a broken bond between them or an ongoing unresolved conflict that keeps the two from connecting. In a situation where the student poses no danger to a teacher, the teacher is often expected to establish a working relationship with the student. It's part of the teacher's role as an educator and mentor to exercise good judgment when dealing with students.

Insensitivity to Student Needs

A lack of awareness on the part of the instructor leads

Negative Teacher-Student Relationships

The first type of negative teacher-student relationship I want to look at is usually created by young, inexperienced and immature teachers who are new to the profession.  In an effort to gain acceptance and approval from students, they become too friendly or familiar.  They consider students as peers and give them too much latitude.  They are too lenient with the students and fail to support the 

professional standards set by more experienced and skilled teachers.  They may even adopt some forms of student behaviour.  This approach to teacher-student relationships does not work.  It is counterproductive and usually leads to poor classroom management and control, low student attainment levels, and eventual disrespect from the same students.  Teachers and students must respect the boundaries that separate them.  These boundaries serve a very important purpose.

Benefits of positive Teacher-student relationship

Benefits of positive Teacher-student relationship

A healthy and positive relationship between students and teachers can be enormously favourable at all stages of an educational institution, inside the classroom and across the whole school environment. A positive relationship between continues to develop, its benefits not only teachers and students but also parents and administrators as well. It-

Promotes Academic Success- the presence of positive and supportive relationships alone does not get an academic success, but students that create a strong bond with their teacher do perform better than students whose behaviour with their teachers have some conflict.

The Importance of Teacher-Student Relationships

The Importance of Teacher-Student Relationships

There is very useful information for those who need to know the importance of the teacher-student relationship. Here you will find the ways how to build a positive and supportive teacher-student relationship.

The relationship between a teacher and his students is one of the most influential factors in a learning environment. This is a key element affecting students’ progress, engagement of school and academic motivation, a teacher-student relationship from the basis of the social context also.