Martin Luther King, Jr. American religious leader and civil-rights activist

Martin Luther King, Jr.

American religious leader and civil-rights activist

Martin Luther King, Jr., original name Michael King, Jr., (born January 15, 1929, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.—died April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee), Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. His leadership was fundamental to that movement’s success in ending the legal segregation of African Americans in the South and other parts of the United States. King rose to national prominence as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which promoted nonviolent tactics, such as the massive March on Washington (1963), to achieve civil rights. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. King came from a comfortable middle-class family steeped in the tradition of the Southern Black ministry: both his father and maternal grandfather were Baptist preachers. His parents were college-educated, and King’s father had succeeded his father-in-law as pastor of the prestigious Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. The family lived on Auburn Avenue, otherwise known as “Sweet Auburn,” the bustling “Black Wall Street,” home to some of the country’s largest and most prosperous Black businesses and Black churches in the years before the civil rights movement. Young Martin received a solid education and grew up in a loving extended family.

This secure upbringing, however, did not prevent King from experiencing the prejudices then common in the South. He never forgot the time when, at about age six, one of his white playmates announced that his parents would no longer allow him to play with King, because the children were now attending segregated schools. Dearest to King in these early years was his maternal grandmother, whose death in 1941 left him shaken and unstable. Upset because he had learned of her fatal heart attack while attending a parade without his parents’ permission, the 12-year-old King attempted suicide by jumping from a second-story window.

In 1944, at age 15, King entered Morehouse College in Atlanta under a special wartime program intended to boost enrollment by admitting promising high-school students like King. Before beginning college, however, King spent the summer on a tobacco farm in Connecticut; it was his first extended stay away from home and his first substantial experience of race relations outside the segregated South. He was shocked by how peacefully the races mixed in the North. “Negroes and whites go [to] the same church,” he noted in a letter to his parents. “I never [thought] that a person of my race could eat anywhere.” This summer experience in the North only deepened King’s growing hatred of racial segregation.

At Morehouse, King favoured studies in medicine and law, but these were eclipsed in his senior year by a decision to enter the ministry, as his father had urged. King’s mentor at Morehouse was the college president, Benjamin Mays, a social gospel activist whose rich oratory and progressive ideas had left an indelible imprint on King’s father. Committed to fighting racial inequality, Mays accused the African American community of complacency in the face of oppression, and he prodded the Black church into social action by criticizing its emphasis on the hereafter instead of the here and now; it was a call to service that was not lost on the teenage King. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948.

King spent the next three years at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, where he became acquainted with Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence as well as with the thought of contemporary Protestant theologians. He earned a bachelor of divinity degree in 1951. Renowned for his oratorical skills, King was elected president of Crozer’s student body, which was composed almost exclusively of white students. As a professor at Crozer wrote in a letter of recommendation for King, “The fact that with our student body largely Southern in constitution a colored man should be elected to and be popular [in] such a position is in itself no mean recommendation.” From Crozer, King went to Boston University, where, in seeking a firm foundation for his own theological and ethical inclinations, he studied man’s relationship to God and received a doctorate (1955) for a dissertation titled “A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman.”

Variations in the role and power of the office OF PRIME MINISTER

 

Variations in the role and power of the office

Although the office of prime minister exists in most countries, there are variations in how the office operates and is organized. The strong prime minister model is found in its purest form in the United Kingdom and other countries that were once part of the British Empire, especially India, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The premier does not have a large executive department but controls the central direction of policy by selecting all the cabinet ministers and junior ministers; by determining the legislative agenda of the government and strongly influencing economic priorities; by managing the civil service; by setting the structure and operations of the government (e.g., creating new departments or determining which cabinet committees make which decisions); and by leading the majority in parliament. Strong prime ministers in these so-called Westminster systems are

prime minister government official, Development of the office of prime minister

 prime minister, also called premier, the head of government in a country with a parliamentary or semipresidential political system. In such systems, the prime minister—literally the “first,” or most important, minister—must be able to command a continuous majority in the legislature (usually the lower house in a bicameral system) to remain in office.

Development of the office of prime minister

Most countries with prime ministers have two executives, a head of government (the prime minister) and a head of state (generally either a non-executive president or a hereditary monarch). The head of state formally appoints the prime minister, who in turn selects the other cabinet ministers. In practice, however, the choice exercised by the head of state is often quite limited (except in semipresidential systems); it is restricted generally to the head of the largest party or coalition in the legislature (typically the lower house in a bicameral system). Although the origin of the title lies in 17th-century France, where Cardinal de Richelieu was acknowledged in 1624 as principal or premier ministre, the office essentially developed in Britain in the 18th century, when the king ceased to attend and chair meetings of his ministers. This change left powerful premiers to take on the role of government chief executive—for example, Robert Walpole (1721–42), who is generally considered Britain’s first prime minister, and William Pitt, the Younger (1783–1801; 1804–06). During their long tenures, the prime minister became the preeminent cabinet member, supervising and coordinating the work of every government department; other cabinet members were required to subscribe to the government’s official policy; and the prime minister was required to command a majority in the House of Commons—all characteristics shared by modern prime ministers.

Since the development of the office of prime minister, holders of the position have typically concentrated on the most high-profile or strategic aspects of government, particularly top-level foreign relations, major defense decisions, macroeconomic policy, and the government’s legislative timetable and priorities. As a result, relations between the prime minister and the foreign and finance ministers (and defense ministers during conflicts) are normally key indicators of the success of a government. In the modern period the role of prime minister has been enhanced by the emergence of international summits and heads of government meetings (e.g., the regular meetings of the heads of government of members of the European Union) as key events in international diplomacy.

Nevertheless, the role and influence of premiers (using their own political resources) have tended to be eroded by the increased specialization of government and the expanded role of bureaucracies and government professionals. For example, in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom the Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher intervened personally to force through changes in Britain’s football (soccer) grounds, such as the installation of steel cages to pen in crowds, to counteract the politically embarrassing problem of football “hooliganism.” But these changes destroyed a delicate balance between crowd control and crowd safety, and they were subsequently abandoned following the death in 1989 of more than 90 football fans who were crushed against fences at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield. Equally, Thatcher’s introduction of a “poll tax,” an unpopular local tax that charged rich and poor alike at the same rate, proved impossible to implement and was scrapped within two years of its introduction at a cost of billions of pounds. Indeed, the public backlash against the introduction of the tax created opposition from Conservative members of the House of Commons, which induced Thatcher’s resignation as prime minister and her replacement by John Major, her chancellor of the Exchequer. These examples illustrate that “policy communities” in many different areas of government may command detailed expertise on issues that prime ministers may override—sometimes at their own peril. In most countries, premiers have tried to ease these limitations on their influence by building up their own policy staffs with expertise and establishing units to oversee the enactment of their key strategies and priorities. But there is only limited evidence that such policy centralization can work successfully.

Most countries in the world now have established an office of prime minister (alternatively called premier or chancellor). However, the United States and many African and Latin American countries have adopted presidential systems consisting of an executive president (who is also head of state) and a separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. In these countries, the president picks his own cabinet or government, which does not depend on legislative support to remain in office (see presidency of the United States of America). Indeed, whereas in parliamentary systems prime ministers can be removed from office by the legislature through a simple vote of confidence, executive presidents can generally be removed from office only through a more cumbersome impeachment proceeding for serious crimes or abuse of office

Imran Khan prime minister of Pakistan Alternate titles: Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi

 

Imran Khan

prime minister of Pakistan

Alternate titles: Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi

Imran Khan, in full Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi, (born October 5, 1952, Lahore, Pakistan), Pakistani cricket player, politician, philanthropist, and prime minister of Pakistan (2018– ) who became a national hero by leading Pakistan’s national team to a Cricket World Cup victory in 1992 and later entered politics as a critic of government corruption in Pakistan.

Early life and cricket career

Khan was born into an affluent Pashtun family in Lahore and was educated at elite schools in Pakistan and the United Kingdom, including the Royal Grammar School in Worcester and Aitchison College in Lahore. There were several accomplished cricket players in his family, including two elder cousins, Javed Burki and Majid Khan, who both served as captains of the Pakistani national team. Imran Khan played cricket in Pakistan and the United Kingdom in his teens and continued playing while studying philosophy, politics, and economics at the University of Oxford. Khan played his first match for Pakistan’s national team in 1971, but he did not take a permanent place on the team until after his graduation from Oxford in 1976.By the early 1980s Khan had distinguished himself as an exceptional bowler and all-rounder, and he was named captain of the Pakistani team in 1982. Khan’s athletic talent and good looks made him a celebrity in Pakistan and England, and his regular appearances at fashionable London nightclubs provided fodder for the British tabloid press. In 1992 Khan achieved his greatest athletic success when he led the Pakistani team to its first World Cup title, defeating England in the final. He retired that same year, having secured a reputation as one of the greatest cricket players in history. After 1992 Khan remained in the public eye as a philanthropist. He experienced a religious awakening, embracing Sufi mysticism and shedding his earlier playboy image. In one of his philanthropic endeavours, Khan acted as the primary fund-raiser for the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, a specialized cancer hospital in Lahore, which opened in 1994. The hospital was named after Khan’s mother, who had died of cancer in 1985.

Entry into politics

After his retirement from cricket, Khan became an outspoken critic of government mismanagement and corruption in Pakistan. He founded his own political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan Justice Movement; PTI), in 1996. In national elections held the following year, the newly formed party won less than 1 percent of the vote and failed to win any seats in the National Assembly, but it fared slightly better in the 2002 elections, winning a single seat that Khan filled. Khan maintained that vote rigging was to blame for his party’s low vote totals. In October 2007 Khan was among a group of politicians who resigned from the National Assembly, protesting Pres. Pervez Musharraf’s candidacy in the upcoming presidential election. In November Khan was briefly imprisoned during a crackdown against critics of Musharraf, who had declared a state of emergency. The PTI condemned the state of emergency, which ended in mid-December, and boycotted the 2008 national elections to protest Musharraf’s rule.

In spite of the PTI’s struggles in elections, Khan’s populist positions found support, especially among young people. He continued his criticism of corruption and economic inequality in Pakistan and opposed the Pakistani government’s cooperation with the United States in fighting militants near the Afghan border. He also launched broadsides against Pakistan’s political and economic elites, whom he accused of being Westernized and out of touch with Pakistan’s religious and cultural norms.

Political ascent

In the months leading up to the legislative elections scheduled for early 2013, Khan and his party drew large crowds at rallies and attracted the support of several veteran politicians from Pakistan’s established parties. Further evidence of Khan’s rising political fortunes came in the form of an opinion poll in 2012 that found him to be the most popular political figure in Pakistan.

Just days before legislative elections in May 2013, Khan injured his head and back when he fell from a platform at a campaign rally. He appeared on television from his hospital bed hours later to make a final appeal to voters. The elections produced the PTI’s highest totals yet, but the party still won less than half the number of seats won by the Pakistan Muslim League–Nawaz (PML-N), led by Nawaz Sharif. Khan accused the PML-N of rigging the elections. After his calls for an investigation went unmet, he and other opposition leaders led four months of protests in late 2014 in order to pressure Sharif to step down.

The protests failed to oust Sharif, but suspicions of corruption were amplified when the Panama Papers linked his family to offshore holdings. Khan organized a new set of protests in late 2016 but called them off at the last minute after the Supreme Court agreed to open an investigation. The investigation disqualified Sharif from holding public office in 2017, and he was forced to resign from office. Khan, meanwhile, was also revealed to have had offshore holdings but, in a separate case, was not disqualified by the Supreme Court. Elections were held the following year, in July 2018. Khan ran on a platform of fighting corruption and poverty, even as he had to fight off accusations that he was too cozy with the military establishment. The PTI won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly, allowing Khan to seek a coalition with independent members of the parliament. He became prime minister on August 18.

Premiership

As prime minister, Khan faced a mounting balance-of-payments crisis. Though the economy was experiencing growth, imports and debt commitments from before his term had skyrocketed in recent years, especially because of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative. Just weeks into his term as prime minister, the crisis worsened when the United States withheld $300 million in promised military aid, saying Pakistan had not done enough to stem terrorism. Khan attempted to seek foreign aid from “friendly countries” first; because a dozen previous packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had failed to solve Pakistan’s macroeconomic problems, his avoidance of an IMF bailout reflected popular fatigue with the IMF. After he was unable to secure foreign aid on favourable conditions from other countries, however, Pakistan submitted a request for emergency lending from the IMF. He continued to seek foreign aid from other sources and later received promises of investments from China, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Aside from courting foreign aid, Khan oversaw several significant developments in Pakistan’s foreign relations. The country successfully brought the Taliban to negotiations with the United States, improving relations with the country and with neighbouring Afghanistan. In February 2019, in a show of force against militants in Kashmir, who had recently staged a suicide attack killing 40 Indian security personnel, India launched an air assault in Pakistan for the first time in five decades, raising fears of a new conflict between the two countries. Pakistan downplayed the impact and appeared to avoid escalating the situation. When India again entered Pakistan’s air space, Pakistan shot down two fighter jets and captured a pilot but returned the pilot to India soon afterward. After the incident, Khan implemented a crackdown on militants, issuing arrests, closing a large number of religious schools, and promising to update existing laws to reflect international standards. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, aggravated the country’s economic woes. Relative to his critics, Khan was slow to endorse a lockdown. In contrast, the provincial government in Sindh, controlled by an opposition party, was quick to implement a strict lockdown in March. Khan eventually imposed a nationwide lockdown in April; in May his government began restricting lockdowns to localities with high infection rates.

Meanwhile, Khan continued to face opposition for his close relationship with the military establishment, his crackdown on militants, and the fragile state of the economy. In late 2020 the major opposition parties formed a coalition, the People’s Democratic Movement (PDM), with the stated goal of increasing the independence of civilian government from the military establishment. Protests and rallies organized by the PDM accused Khan of being a puppet of the army and called on him to step down. In March 2021 these parties boycotted a vote of confidence initiated by Khan’s government, which he survived narrowly with the support of his coalition partners. Later that year Khan fell out with the military establishment after a failed attempt by Khan to influence its top posts. As frustrations rose over sustained inflation, the opposition moved in March 2022 to hold its own vote of confidence; several members of Khan’s party and coalition announced that they did NOT INTEND TO SUPPORT HIM.

Larkana, town and district

 Larkana, town and district, Sukkur division, Sindh province, Pakistan. The town, the district headquarters, lies on the Ghar Canal just west of the Indus River; it derives its name from the neighbouring Larak tribe. A railway junction, it is divided into two parts by the rail lines: the old city to the east and Lahori village and the Civil Lines (mostly official residences) to the west. It was incorporated as a municipality in 1855. It is an important grain-marketing and trade centre and is noted for its brass and metalware. A number of markets, bazaars, and shopping centres are located there, including the John F. Kennedy Market. Larkana has historically been known for its gardens and parks, some of which have been maintained. Once the capital of Sindh under the Kalhoras, it contains many historic buildings.

Larkana district, formed in 1901, occupies a fertile plain known as the “Garden of Sindh,” except for its mountainous western portion (Kirthar Range). Irrigated by canals, the plain yields sugarcane, wheat, rice, gram, rape, and fruit such as guavas, mangoes, and dates. Camel breeding is widespread, and there are numerous rice-husking, flour, and dyeing mills. Coarse salt and saltpetre are easily obtainable. Mohenjo-daro (“Mound of the Dead”), a key archaeological site of the Indus valley civilization (c. 2500 BCE), lies 15 miles (24 km) south of Larkana, and there is an airport nearby. Local schools and educational institutions include Cadet College Larkana, Chandka Medical College, and Sir Shahnawaz Bhutto Library. The seat of the prominent Bhutto family, the district is also the site of the ancestral cemetery where former prime ministers Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto are buried. Pop. (1998 prelim.) 270,366.

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto prime minister of Pakistan

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

prime minister of Pakistan

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, (born January 5, 1928, near Larkana, Sindh, India [now in Pakistan]—died April 4, 1979, Rawalpindi, Pakistan), Pakistani statesman and politician who served as president (1971–73) and prime minister (1973–77) of Pakistan. Although a popular leader, he was overthrown and executed by the military.

Born into a noble Rajput family that had accepted Islam, Bhutto was the son of a prominent political figure in the Indian colonial government. He was educated in Bombay (now Mumbai) and at the University of California, Berkeley (B.A., 1950). Bhutto studied law at the University of Oxford and then practiced law and lectured in England. Upon his return to Pakistan (1953), he set up a law practice in Karachi, where he was appointed a member of Pakistan’s delegation to the United Nations in 1957.

After Mohammad Ayub Khan seized the government in 1958, Bhutto was appointed commerce minister and then held other cabinet posts. After his appointment as foreign minister (1963–66), he began working for greater independence from Western powers and for closer ties with China. His opposition to the peace with India after the 1965 war over Kashmir caused him to resign from the government, and in December 1967 he founded the Pakistan People’s Party. Bhutto denounced the Ayub Khan regime as a dictatorship and was subsequently imprisoned (1968–69).

After the overthrow of the Ayub Khan regime by Gen. Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, national elections were held in 1970. Although Bhutto and his party won a sweeping electoral victory in West Pakistan, the biggest election winner was the Awami League, an East Pakistan-based party that had campaigned for full autonomy for East Pakistan. Bhutto refused to form a government with this separatist party, causing a nullification of the election. The widespread rioting that followed degenerated into civil war, after which East Pakistan, with the help of India, emerged as the independent state of Bangladesh. After West Pakistan’s humiliating defeat by India in this military conflict, Yahya Khan turned the government over to Bhutto on December 20, 1971. Bhutto placed his predecessor under house arrest, nationalized several key industries, and undertook the taxation of the landed families in his first acts as president. After the new constitution (1973) made the presidency largely ceremonial, Bhutto became prime minister. In both capacities, he had also filled the cabinet posts of foreign affairs, defense, and interior. His government, retaining martial law, began a process of Islamization Sensing that the public was turning against his rule by decree, Bhutto ordered new elections in 1977 to obtain a popular mandate. His party won by a large majority, but the opposition charged him with electoral fraud. The government was seized by Gen. Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq, the army chief of staff, on July 5, 1977. Soon afterward Bhutto was imprisoned. He was sentenced to death (March 18, 1978) on the charge of having ordered the assassination of a political opponent in 1974; after an appeal to a higher court, Bhutto was hanged, despite appeals for clemency from several world leaders. He was the author of The Myth of Independence (1969) and The Great Tragedy (1971). Larkana, town and district, Sukkur division, Sindh province, Pakistan. The town, the district headquarters, lies on the Ghar Canal just west of the Indus River; it derives its name from the neighbouring Larak tribe. A railway junction, it is divided into two parts by the rail lines: the old city to the east and Lahori village and the Civil Lines (mostly official residences) to the west. It was incorporated as a municipality in 1855. It is an important grain-marketing and trade centre and is noted for its brass and metalware. A number of markets, bazaars, and shopping centres are located there, including the John F. Kennedy Market. Larkana has historically been known for its gardens and parks, some of which have been maintained. Once the capital of Sindh under the Kalhoras, it contains many historic buildings.

Larkana district, formed in 1901, occupies a fertile plain known as the “Garden of Sindh,” except for its mountainous western portion (Kirthar Range). Irrigated by canals, the plain yields sugarcane, wheat, rice, gram, rape, and fruit such as guavas, mangoes, and dates. Camel breeding is widespread, and there are numerous rice-husking, flour, and dyeing mills. Coarse salt and saltpetre are easily obtainable. Mohenjo-daro (“Mound of the Dead”), a key archaeological site of the Indus valley civilization (c. 2500 BCE), lies 15 miles (24 km) south of Larkana, and there is an airport nearby. Local schools and educational institutions include Cadet College Larkana, Chandka Medical College, and Sir Shahnawaz Bhutto Library. The seat of the prominent Bhutto family, the district is also the site of the ancestral cemetery where former prime ministers Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto are buried. Pop. (1998 prelim.) 270,366.

March 24, 1843 When the SINDH were conquered by the British

 March 24, 1843

 When the SINDH were conquered by the British

 The history sheet of the history

 The defeat of the Talpurs, and the conquest of Sindh by the British

 In the Napier desert:

 The battle was at hand when Napier accompanied Major Waddington into the field with a hat in hand, when a Baloch saw him and moved to attack him.  An earlier half-shot to Napier was already wounded so Lieutenant Marsan tried to save Napier, himself exhausted, as the British troops rose and blew the Baloch in the stomach.

 At this critical juncture of the war, the Ninth Bengal Battalion was ordered to move forward, who in Hali tried to overthrow the Balochs.

 Jacob, on the other hand, increased the pressure on the Sindh military camp with his young men, but the Sindhi couple were bravely competing.  Finally the Sindhis were targeting one another with guns and all sacrificed their lives.

 Talpur Necklace Necklace:

 After the capture of Mir Nasser Khan's camp and the Jhanu British, other Baluchs, who were under the command of four thousand reserve princes, began to march to this place.  The river was

March 23, 1929 Begum Nusrat Bhutto's Birthday The Story of a Woman Connecting with Isfahan D. Sindh

 March 23, 1929

 Begum Nusrat Bhutto's Birthday

 The Story of a Woman Connecting with Isfahan D. Sindh

 Zulfiqar Qadri

 Nusrat Isfahani, a native of Iran's Kurds, was born in Isfahan, Iran's beautiful city, on March 23, 1929, but when he became associated with the Mohen dynasty, loyalty and sacrifice were sacrificed - as was the case in Baghdad's enthusiasm in Kurdistan.  And love and beauty are sparse but here was the matter: Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's first marriage took place at the age of 14 at the age of two from 20 years to Sherin Amir Begum.  After marrying Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's father, the father soon left for education. One day Nusrat Isfahani, daughter of the owner of the Baghdad soup factory, along with his companion and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's sister Manawar-ul-Islam came to Kandhawala to discuss bombing.  Bhutto found out from his sister who the girl was.  His sister Munawar-ul-Islam told him that this Iranian girl of the family is Nusrat Isfahani, his father is a businessman in Karachi and Bombay and he is his companion.  The second time when Zulfi Bhutto was in college, Nusrat Isfahani was in the college girl's army uniform in the girls' function and their passing out was parade.  Just then, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto got behind his sister Manawar-ul-Islam, he married me. One day he was withdrawing money from Nusrat Bank. Bhutto was already in the bank.  Nusrat was hard-pressed to say no to him!  One day in thanks to you, Munawarul Islam told his companion Nusrat that his brother Zulfiq wants to marry him. He also told him that his brother was already married.  But in the end Destiny let Zulfi Bhutto and Nusrat Isfahani be the same as each other.  Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Begum Nusrat Bhutto married Shahid Bhatti alias Soomro and Karim Dad, friends of Shahid Bhutto, and from Nusrat Isfahani she became Begum Nusrat Bhutto. Begum Nusrat Bhutto became a historian.  Has become  From the days of the Ayub dictatorship to becoming the first woman, she has been a spirited woman with a motivational career.  The dictatorship day, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's imprisonment day, Marshal's, the dictatorship fought with great courage.  She continues to grip with dictatorship despite being injured at Gaddafi Stadium Lahore.  Al-Murtaza House led a public convoy with zeal and bravery, despite being imprisoned in 70 Clifton detention centers, Karachi Central Jail and Sahala Police Company.

 During the last meeting of Dai Ghat, when Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto said to him, "You are in great distress, the punishment is good; if there is any pain in life, then look at it.  You are my crown and strength, as long as fortune is alive, singing.  In fact, Begum Nusrat Bhutto joined the people in Sindh and democracy after the nineteenth century in Iran.  The burial of coroner sons like Murtaza and Shahnawaz was not easy.

 Begum Nusrat Bhutto, who had a compassionate relationship with me from September 1978 to September 20, 1996, to the marriage of Mir Murtaza Bhutto, was like a compassionate mother.  Being able to talk to him has long been an asset of my life.  Many times I was accompanied by a car with me on political trips, condolences, meetings and programs.  Bhutto is no longer among us, but Begum Nusrat Bhutto survives as a heroic character in Pakistan's political history.

March 23, 1923 HEMO CALLING Birthday, Hemo Kalani was born on March 23, 1923, in the house of Paseo Mill Kalani in Old Sukkur

 March 23, 1923

 HEMO CALLING Birthday

 Zulfiqar Qadri

 Hemo Kalani was born on March 23, 1923, in the house of Paseo Mill Kalani in Old Sukkur.  His father used to work for money-mill trade. Hemun Kalani's real name was Raheem Heman, while Hamon used to call her out of love.  While offering gifts, the youth of Sukkur also had the keys to the independence of Sindh.  The period of 1942 was when the "Harakat movement" was in force in Sindh while in Central India Mahatma Gandhi was leading the Indian Empire.  It was such an emotional period that people's hearts were filled with hate for British imperialism.  Sukkur's young impressed with such ends.  Hammond Kalani was still a high school student at that time.  In his heart was the cannon of freedom and famine against the British. He was there on the night of October 23, when it was reported that a special train was being loaded with troops that would carry the gunfire ahead of Sukkur.  Hammon knew that the ammunition and the military aboard the train would prove to be anathema to the drunkenness of freedom.  Eventually, he and his friends planned to drop the train.  Together they began to scrap the railroad tracks. At the same time, a soldier named Feroz Khan saw them, all of the Hammons were burnt, but Humayun Callahan was also caught.  Hamon Kalani was brutally tortured; at that time the methods of torture and persecution were tried on this young man.  The torturers only knew the names of those who joined him at the time of the train collision, but to this end, no one spoke with the name of a colleague.  Hamon Kalani was finally court-martialed for 22 consecutive days of torture.  Once during the statement he said that I wanted to dismantle the railway line so that the fronts on it would be destroyed, but to my misfortune I failed.  Finally, the government announced that he would be harassed. After Hamon's conviction was passed, his lawyer Pirzadi Abdul Sattar sent his aunt to ask him if he could get the amnesty exemption.  But Hammon disapproved of such an apology and said, "I have done nothing wrong with which I should repent. So what is forgiveness?"  When his mother came to see him, he also told her that the apology justified the name, but that the Surah Youth refused to do so.  They say he was happy in prison, and had no fear of being punished by the bandit.  There was often a saying that these angels would sing from this country, that if I were to do even more then I would die a brave one.  Hammon Callaghan was not automatically granted amnesty, on January 21, 1943, Hamon Kalani was imprisoned in the Central Jail Sker at the age of 19.  In fact, the Hammon Kalani is one of the proudest, most inspiring, and very important roles in the history of us visitors.

March 23, 1931 The Day of the Revolutionary Rooftop Singha , Bhatt Singh was born on September 28, 1907 in the village 'Banganiwala / Bangah' of Lyallpur district of Punjab

 March 23, 1931

 The Day of the Revolutionary Rooftop Singha

 Bhatt Singh was born on September 28, 1907 in the village 'Banganiwala / Bangah' of Lyallpur district of Punjab province.  His father's name was Kishan Singh and his mother's name was Vidyavati.  He inherited a revolutionary and progressive ideology, since his father Kishan Singh and uncle were activists of the movement and his ancestor Arjun Singh was also the leader of the 'Hindawaria Samaj Party' of India.  Begun at the age of 12, when in protest against the Rule of Law (which allows any citizen to be detained without trial) under the Rule Act imposed by the British Government on the occasion of the whiskey in 1919. '  General Dyer issued an order to shoot at the protesters, after which at least dozens of people were shot dead by British police.  After that incident, Chhath Singh made a strong voice against British imperialism.  Seeing his movement strong, the British tried to buy him, but he flatly refused.  Initially, he belonged to Mahatma Gandhi, but when innocent people were massacred at Nankana Sahib Gurdwara on February 20, 1921, he withdrew from Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent movement and believed that the bullet's response was in the bullet.  General Chat Chat Lounge  He was also a member of the organizations of the 'India Socialist Republican Association', 'Kiriti Kasan Party' and 'Young Bharat Sadha' and joined the revolutionaries and became an activist of freedom movement.  Parties in the Freedom Movement protested.  Protesters were charged over the orders of British Senior Superintendent of Police James Scott, in which several activists, including Lala Lajpat Rai, were injured and some killed.  Bharat Singh, along with his colleagues Shuram Raj Guru, Sik Dev and Chandrasekhar Azad, plotted to assassinate James Scott, a British police officer, but mistakenly shot another police officer named 'Sanders', Assistant Superintendent of Police, at James Scott's place.  Kill it  In addition to this, on April 8, 1929, two bombs exploded in the Punjab Assembly of Lahore with slogans of 'Revolution Zindav' and 'Ji India'.  Following these raids, British police began raiding him to arrest him and eventually arrested him along with his associates from the Kashmir Building Lahore.  Bhatt Singh and his associate Suk Dev were tried for 3 years. Finally, Bhatt Singh and his associate Sik Dev were sentenced to death for robbery and on March 23, 1931, the two burglarians were beaten at Shad Square in Lahore.  The bodies of both were burnt to the banks of the river Sutlej, where the monument of Bharat Singh was later erected.

Did our rulers favor the March 23 resolution Lahore?

 Written in reference to March 23

 Did our rulers favor the March 23 resolution Lahore?

 Zulfiqar Qadri

 Pakistan's political history is filled with strange faiths. On March 23, government buildings are adorned with lights, Pakistan's armed forces salute the graves of their national heroes.  The Guardian of Honor is presented at Iqbal's shrine, the Lahore Resolution dated March 23, 1940, called the Resolution Pakistan, in our official curriculum the Lahore Resolution of 1940 should be most proudly mentioned, but regarding this resolution.  The true truth is obscured, but the fact is that at that time, the Muslims of the subcontinent under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah struggled for separation before the struggle for the separation of Sindh from the Bombay Presidency of Sindh's political capital was finally put to rest.  On April 1936, Sindh was formally designated as a separate province from the Bombay Presidency, followed by the General Elections in 1937 under the Government of India Act 1935 and the Sindh Constituent Assembly came into operation in 1938, the first Indian subcontinent to India.  Was the province whose legislative assembly demanded a separate homeland for Muslims,  While at that time Punjab was opposing the Muslim League and the Quaid-e-Azam, including Toa, Mammoot, Noon, Dawlatana, etc. In the 1937 elections, only two Muslim League members could be elected from the entire United States Punjab, one country blessed by Ali Raja Ghazanfar Ali.  While the Unionist Party, which contested with the British against the Muslim League, won by a majority, one of the two members of the Muslim League's supporter, Raja Ghazanfar, went to the Muslim League for the post of parliamentary secretary, while Nawab Muzaffar Ali Qazaleb.  Muslim League was done, most intellectuals and writers call the Lahore Resolution of 1940 the Resolution Pakistan,

 If one looks at the history, the convening of the All India Muslim League convention in Lahore was compulsory by the Prime Minister, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, because Lahore was then the capital of the united Punjab and the unionist party that ruled Punjab was against Pakistan's establishment.  The purpose of convening a meeting of all the Muslim states of the United States in Lahore was to put pressure on the Chaudhrys, countries and nawabs of the Punjab by the Quaid-e-Azam. The meeting of All India Muslim League in Lahore lasted three days, one in Lahore four days before the meeting.  The tragedy came when the Khaksars of Allama Eastern Party paraded in Lahore, firing to stop the police, in which about thirty-five Khaksars were killed.  At the All India Muslim League convention in Minto Park, Sher-e-Bangla AK Fazal Haq proposed a resolution, stating that "those areas of the subcontinent where Muslims have a numerical majority, such as northwest, northeast India, their geographical boundaries and their isolation."  By recognizing the concept that they should be considered as independent states, they should be considered as sovereign and sovereign  There is no mention of a country named Pakistan in the Lahore Resolution of 23 March 1940, the All India Muslim League attended the meeting of the All India Muslim League chaired by Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.  The resolution was signed by Khaliq Zaman, Sardar Aurangzeb Khan from the Punjab border, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan from Punjab, Sheikh Abdul Majid Sindhi Syed from Sindh and Abdullah Haroon Khan Babadir Mohammad Ayub Khadou from Balochistan and Qazi Issa from Balochistan.  Granted, those who say that the draft of this resolution was written by Sir Alexander Hayate, who had proposed a Confederation instead of a federation of all Muslim-majority areas, but under pressure from a group occupying the Muslim League.  The then Muslim League leadership rejected the proposal of the Confederacy, in response to which Prime Minister of Punjab Sir Alexander Hayat spoke in the Punjab Assembly on March 11, 1941, saying, "We should not take this freedom on a part of  The rule of the Muslims and the rule of the Hindus on the other side, if that is what Pakistan means, then it will be  There is no connection with such freedom, we should get freedom for Punjab in the true sense. If it is not done then Punjab, Punjab will remain.  None of the members protested, signing the GM Syed Sindh Assembly on March 3, 1943 and the resolution was passed by the members. The House of the Sindh Assembly consisted of 60 members.  Supported the resolution and 3 members opposed the resolution while 33 members were not present in the meeting. Those who supported Pakistan's establishment plan included Syed Ghulam Murtaza Shah (GM GM Syed) - Sheikh Abdul Majid Sindhi  Khan Bahadur Bakhsh Ke Gobol - Khan Bahadur Haji Amir Ali Lahori - Mr. Arbab Toauchi - Mir Banda Ali Khan Talpur 2 Mir Ghulam Ali Khan Talpur 3 Sir Ghulam Hussein Hidayatullah 2 Khan Bahadur Ghulam Mohammad Isran 7 Khan Bahadur Ghulam Nabi Shah

 11.  Pir Ilahi Bakhsh Nawaz Ali, Nawab Haji Jam Jan Mohammed, Mrs. Geno Dai's Alana, Sardar Qaiser Khan Magsi, Syed Muhammad Ali Shah, Khan Bahadur Mohammad Ayub Khawu, Haji Mohammad Hashim Ghazdar, Mr. Muhammad Usman Soomro, Mr. Mohammad Yousuf Chandio and Syed Noor.  Mohammed Shah, Rais Rasool Bakhsh Khan, Mr. Ali Gohar Khan Seal, Mr. Shamsuddin Khan Barakzai and Khan Sahib Sohrab Khan Sarki, while the members voting in opposition to the resolution were Dr. Gokaldas Mewal Das and Dr. Hemandas R. Wadhwani.  Mr. Lalu Miller R. Motwani was involved

 At the All India Muslim League meeting of Delhi in 1946, Chaudhry Khaleeq Zaman presented an amended resolution, resolution of a separate country Pakistan, eliminating the concept of an independent, separate, Muslim state, in that meeting on 23 March 1940.  Lahore resolution proposing Sher-Bengal Maulvi Fazal Haqqah's sixth statute to oust him from the Muslim League  Chaudhry Khalezman When Pakistan's resolution was presented at the Delhi Convention, a Bengali leader, Abul Hahashman, strongly protested that no amendment would be accepted in the March 23 resolution.  Pakistan wants to be independent or independent, but the Bengali leader Abu al-Hayashim was dropped from the meeting.  With GM Syed, he was defeated in the elections.  It is also alleged that after August 14, 1947, on the orders of Governor General Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Khan of Kalat of Balochistan ordered the army units to be deployed there and arrested Khan of Kalat.  As forcibly attacking Kalat, incorporating Kalat State into Pakistan, how were the problems facing the country after the formation of Pakistan, firstly the search for a place of capital for the new country, there were only two or three cities which were the capital.  It could have been, they included Karachi, Dhaka and Lahore, for crossing India to reach Dhaka, as far as Lahore was concerned, it was located only a few kilometers from India, the other being the Red Cliff Awards on August 17th.  Granted, three days after independence, it was reported that Lahore was also being included in Pakistan.  So Karachi was referred to as the capital of the newly liberated country of Pakistan.  Why are any of the trauma of Sindh that the Sindhis who have given up their resources to run the country, the people of Sindh are facing hunger, unemployment, economic misery, injustice and business force.  The result of the operation, which the Jubilee people repented of, would be better to move the country now on the basis of equality under the original resolution of Park Park, Lahore, March 23, 1940.