Sunday, June 5, 2022

فوجن جو حجم: 4,500 برطانوي ۽ هندستاني فوجون غير مقرر تعداد ۾ غلزئي قبيلن جي خلاف، ممڪن طور تي 30,000 کان وڌيڪ. ڪابل جي جنگ ۾ يونيفارم، هٿيار ۽ سامان ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي:

برطانوي پيادل فوج، ڳاڙهي جيڪٽس، سفيد پتلون ۽ شڪو ٽوپيون پائي، پراڻي براون بيس مسڪيٽ ۽ بيونيٽ سان هٿياربند هيون. هندستاني پيادل فوجي ساڳيا هٿياربند ۽ يونيفارم ۾ هئا.

غلزئي قبيلي وارا تلوارون ۽ جيزل، ڊگھي بيرل مشڪيون کڻندا ھئا.

فاتح: انگريزن ۽ هندستاني فوجن جو صفايو ڪيو ويو سواءِ ٿوري تعداد ۾ قيدين ۽ هڪ بچيل.

First Afghan War

Battles of the First Afghan War 1838 to 1842

Battle of Ghuznee on 23rd July 1839 in the First Afghan War

Battle of Ghuznee: The British capture of the Afghan city of Ghuznee on 23rd July 1839: a successful beginning to a disastrous war.

Battle of Kabul and the Retreat to Gandamak: The disastrous culmination in January 1842 to the British invasion of Afghanistan in the First Afghan War.

Siege of Jellalabad: The successful defence of Jellalabad in 1841 to 1842 that went a little way to restore the British reputation devastated by the Battles of Kabul and Gandamak.

Battle of Kabul 1842: The revenge taken by the Anglo-Indian ‘Army of Retribution’ against the Afghans between August and October 1842 for the massacres at Kabul and Gandamak.

Last stand of the 44th Regiment at the Battle of Gandamak on 13th January 1842 in the First Afghan War: picture by William Barnes Wollen

The Spanish Armada

The spectacular but unsuccessful attempt by King Philip II of Spain to invade Elizabethan England in 1588. The Armada is for the English the classic foreign threat to their country and a powerful icon of national identity Date: June to September 1588.

Area of the Spanish Armada campaign: The English Channel, the North Sea and the seas around the North and West of Scotland, the Orkneys and the West of Ireland.

Combatants in the Spanish Armada campaign: The Armada (Spanish for “Fleet”), manned by Spaniards, Portuguese, Italians, Germans, Dutch, Flemings, Irish and English against the English Fleet assisted by the Dutch Fleet.

Commanders in the Spanish Armada campaign: Spanish commanders were the Duke of Medina Sidonia

Biography of Elizabeth of York, Queen of England February 11, 1466–February 11, 1503

Biography of Elizabeth of York, Queen of England

Elizabeth of York (February 11, 1466–February 11, 1503) was a key figure in Tudor history and in the Wars of the Roses. She was the daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville; Queen of England and Queen Consort of Henry VII; and the mother of Henry VIII, Mary Tudor, and Margaret Tudor, the only woman in history to have been daughter, sister, niece, wife, and mother to English kings.

Early Life

Elizabeth of York, known alternatively as Elizabeth Plantagenet, was born on February 11, 1466, at Westminster Palace in London, England. She was the eldest of the nine children of Edward IV, king of England (ruled 1461–1483) and his wife Elizabeth Woodville (sometimes spelled Wydeville). Her parents' marriage had created trouble, and her father was briefly deposed in 1470. By 1471, likely challengers to her father's

Medieval Women of History

An index to biographies on this site of notable women who lived about 500 through about 1600 -- including the Middle Ages, the European Renaissance and the Tudor period in British history.

A

Adelaide (931 - 999): saint, Western empress, regent
Aelfgifu (~ 985 - 1002?): first wife of King Aethelred II "the Unready"
Aelfled: same as Aethelflaed below
Aelfthryth (877 - 929): princess, countess, genealogical link of Anglo Saxon kings to Anglo Norman dynasty, daughter of Alfred the Great

What a wonderful way to screw people over

What a wonderful way to screw people over.

* When we prostrate on the ground, we barely complete three tasbeehats and raise our heads *

With this, prayers are performed, but there is no acquaintance with the Lord

We are engaged in prayers in the car

We do not bend ourselves

And do not get up,

We are busy somewhere else during this time

Like the pilot putting the plane on the auto pilot and saluting the passengers.

That is, we do not consider bowing as bowing, prostration as prostration, and standing as obedience to the Lord of the worlds, but our condition is like a toy in which seals are inserted and buttons are turned on. When it is gone, it automatically rolls up and down, left and right,

When you insert a memory card into a device, the device first examines the memory card, reads and recognizes it,

Berengaria of Navarre: Queen Consort to Richard I: The Queen Who Never Saw Her Realm:

Berengaria was the daughter of King Sancho VI of Navarre, called Sancho the wise, and Blanche of Castile.

Richard I of England had been betrothed to Princess Alice of France, sister of King Phillip IV. But Richard's father, Henry II, had made Alice his mistress, and church rules, therefore, forbid the marriage of Alice and Richard.

Berengaria was chosen as wife to Richard I by Richard's mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine. The marriage with Berengaria would bring a dowry that would help Richard finance his efforts in the Third Crusade.

Eleanor, though almost 70 years old, traveled over the Pyrenees to escort Berengaria to Sicily. In Sicily, Eleanor's daughter and Richard's sister, Joan of England, embarked with Berengaria to join Richard in the Holy Land.

Dates: Born 1163? 1165?
Married May 12, 1191, to Richard I of EnglandDied December 23, 1230

Formulas of Different Compounds

*Formulas of Different Compounds*

سرکہ CH₃COOH

ایلومینیم کاربائڈ Al₄C₃

ایلومینیم کلورائد AlCl₃

ایلومینیم ہائڈرو آکسائیڈ اے (OH) ₃

امونیا NH₃

امونیم کاربونیٹ (NH₄) ₃CO₃

امونیم سائانائڈ NH₄CN

امونیم ہائیڈرو آکسائیڈ NH₄OH

امونیم نائٹریٹ NH₄NO₃

امونیم آکسالیٹ (NH₄) ₂C₂O₄

امونیم فاسفیٹ (NH₄) ₄PO₄

امونیم سلفیٹ (NH₄) ₄SO₄

بیکنگ سوڈا NaHCO₃

بیریم فلورائڈ BF₂

بیریم ہائیڈرو آکسائیڈ با (OH) ₂

بیریم فاسفیٹ با₃ (PO₄) ₂

بیریم سلفائڈ باس

بیرییلیم کلورائد بی سی ایل

بیرییلیم نائٹریٹ بی (NO₃) ₂

بورن ٹرائکلورائڈ BCl₃

کیلشیم ایسیٹیٹ Ca (C₂H₃O₂) ₂

کیلشیم برومائڈ CaBr₂

کیلشیم کاربونیٹ (چاک ، موتی) CaCO₃

کیلشیم کلورائد CaCl₂

کیلشیم ہائیڈروجن کاربونیٹ Ca (HCO₃) ₂

کیلشیم ہائیڈرو آکسائیڈ Ca (OH) ₂

کیلشیم آئوڈائڈ CaI₂

کیلشیم نائٹریڈ Ca₃N₂

کیلشیم آکسائڈ CaO

کیلشیم فاسفیٹ Ca₃ (PO₄) ₂

کیلشیم سلفائڈ سی اے ایس

کاربن ڈائی آکسائیڈ CO₂

کاربن ڈاسلفائیڈ CS₂

Spanish Princess Berengaria

May 12, 1191 . Spanish Princess Berengaria married a king on this day – and is believed to have been the only queen in history never to have set foot in her realm. Her husband was Richard the Lionheart – King Richard I of England – and they were married in Cyprus

Civil War General J.E.B. Stuart (1833-1864)

There’s a special place in the Confederate pantheon for J.E.B. Stuart because he personified one of the archetypes of the South—the gay cavalier, who mocked danger, flirted with women, kept prayer book in hand, knew horseflesh, loved racing, and responded to the plink of a banjo. Stuart not only kept a banjo player with him throughout his campaigns, he actually stole the best banjo player in the Confederate army from another unit and

عجب چیز ہے لذت آ شنائی What a wonderful way to screw people over

"عجب چیز ہے لذت آ شنائی"

*جب ہم زمین پر سجدہ کرتے ہیں تو بمشکل تین تسبیحات پوری کرتے ہیں اور سر اٹھا لیتے ہیں*

اس سے نماز تو ہو جاتی ہے مگر رب سے آشنائی نہیں ہوتی ـ

ہم نماز میں آٹو پہ لگے ہوتے ہیں

ہم خود نہ جھکتے ہیں

اور نہ اٹھتے ہیں ،

ہم اس دوران کہیں اور مصروف ہوتے ہیں

جیسے پائیلٹ جہاز کو آٹو پائیلٹ پر لگا کر خود سواریوں سے دعاء سلام کر رہا ہوتا ھے ـ

یعنی ہم رکوع کو رکوع سمجھ کر ، سجدے کو سجدہ سمجھ کر اور قیام کو واقعی رب العالمین کے سامنے فرمانبرداری سمجھ کر کھڑے نہیں ہوتے بلکہ ہماری کیفیت ٹھیک اس کھلونے کی طرح ہوتی ہے، جس میں سیل ڈال دیئے گئے ہوں اور بٹن آن کر دیا گیا ہو تو وہ خود بخود اوپر نیچے دائیں بائیں لڑھکتا پھرتا ہے ،

آپ جب کوئی میموری کارڈ کسی ڈیوائس میں ڈالتے ہیں تو وہ ڈیوائس پہلے اس میموری کارڈ کا جائزہ لیتی ھے اس کو پڑھتی اور Recognize کرتی ہے ،

پھر پوچھتی ہے کہ اس میموری کارڈ کی حقیقت یہ ہے کہ اس میں فلاں فلاں چیز ہے ،فلاں فلاں فولڈر ہے ،

اس کی اتنی سپیس استعمال ہو چکی ہے اور اتنی باقی ہے ،

پھر وہ آپ کو بتاتی ہے کہ سرکار آپ جو مواد اس پر کاپی کرنا چاہتے ہیں وہ کاپی نہیں ھو سکتا کیونکہ اس کارڈ میں جگہ کم ہے جبکہ مواد کا حجم زیادہ ہے ،

آپ کچھ مواد ڈیلیٹ کر کے مناسب جگہ بنائیں ـ

ہم جب سجدہ کرتے ہیں تو زمین اس ماتھے کو ریڈ کرتی ھے اور Recognize کرتی ھے ،

اس پراسس میں کچھ دیر لگتی ہے ، زمین سادا ہو تو جبیں کو پہچاننے میں تھوڑا وقت لگتا ہے ،

مصلا اور قالین جتنا موٹا ہوگا جبیں کو زمین سے رابطہ کرنے میں اتنی ہی زیادہ دیر لگتی ھے

ہم جبیں کو ماتھا ریڈ کرنے سے پہلے ہی اٹھا لیتے ہیں یوں جیسے جاتے ہیں ویسے آ جاتے ہیں نہ کچھ ڈیلیٹ ھوتا ھے اور نہ ہی کچھ کاپی پیسٹ ھوتا ھے

الله تعالیٰ کے قدموں میں سر ہو اور کچھ لئے بغیر اٹھ کر گھر آ جاؤ تو پھر محرومی ہی محرومی ہےـ

کم از کم پانچ سات بار کی تسبیح کے بعد ہی آپ دنیا کی ٹرانس سے نکل کر مینوئل پر آئیں گے ـ

اور آپ کو اپنی کیفیت کا اندازہ ہو گا کہ آپ اس وقت کس پوزیشن میں ہیں ،

ہاتھ کہاں ہیں ؟

ماتھا کہاں ہے ؟

گھٹنے اور پاؤں کہاں ہیں ؟

جو جو چیز آپ کو یاد آتی جائے گی سمجھ لیں کہ وہ وہ چیز حقیقت میں recognize ہو رہی ہے ،

اس کے بعد اب تسبیح کے الفاظ دوہرائیں دو سجدوں کے درمیان کی دعاء اگر یاد نہ ہو تو اپنی زبان میں پڑھ لیں ،

اے الله تعالیٰ مجھے معاف فرما دے ،

اور مجھ پر رحم فرما ،

اور مجھے ہدایت دے دے،

اور مجھے عافیت عطاء فرما ،

اور مجھے رزق عطاء فرما اور میرے دکھوں پر مرہم پٹی کر دے ـ

اللھم اغفر لی وارحمنی واھدنی وعافنی وارزقنی واجبُرنی ،،

رزق کا وسیع مفہوم بھی ذہن میں رکھیں کہ اس میں گندم اور چاول ہی نہیں بلکہ مال ، اولاد ، صحت ، بصارت ،سماعت اور خوشیاں سب شامل ہیں۔

اب آپ دوسرے سجدے کے لئے پک چکے ہیں ،

پہلے سجدے میں اسپیس بنی تھی دوسرے سجدے میں اس دعاء کو پیسٹ کر دیں ،

صرف دو رکعتوں کے بعد ہی آپ اپنا وزن خود محسوس کرنا شروع کر دیں گے ، آ پ کو

اپنا آپ کبھی خالی خالی محسوس نہیں ہو گا ،

اور اب آپ کو اگلی نماز کا انتظار رہے گا ـ

کیونکہ نماز میں ثواب کے ساتھ حلاوت بھی محسوس ہوتی ہوگی

اور یہی حلاوت لذتِ آشنائی کہلاتی ہے۔۔..

Friday, May 6, 2022

Europe

ايشيا ۽ آفريقا کنڊ بعد اڄ جي جاگرافي پوسٽ يورپ کنڊ بابت آهي ان جو پهريون فيڪٽ ته ان کنڊ ۾ ڪو ريگستان ڪين آهي انتهائي ايڊوانس ۽ ترقي يافته خطو . يورپ .

يورپ هن ڌرتي جو 6 وڏو کنڊ آهي جنهن ۾ 47 ملڪ آزاد جزيره ۽ رياستون آهن ۽ زمين جو ڪُل 2 پرسنٽ مٿاڇرو حصو ۽ 6.8 پرسنٽ زميني حصو رکندڙ کنڊ آهي . 

يورپ کنڊ ايشيا کان روس جي ارل جبل ۽ ڪيپسيئن ۽ بليڪ سمنڊ جي ذريعي الڳ ٿئي ٿو ۽ آفريقا کان متڊيٽريئن سمنڊ جي ڌار آهي . 

يورپ جي آبادي ..
وڏي ۽ ڊگهي پوائنٽ . مائونٽين البرس روس 5642 ميٽر
landlocked countries 
اندورا . آرمينيا آسٽريا بيلارس چيڪ ريپبلڪ ويٽيڪن . هنگري ليچئيسٽئين . لڪسمبرگ مولدووا سان ميرينو . سربيا . سلوويڪيا .سئٽزرلينڊ مقدونيا . شامل آهن . 

جبل ۽ جبلن جون قطارون ...
Alps 
Appenius .Atlantic highland. Balkan mountain 

japan is japan

جاپان جاپان آ

برانڊ جي دنيا ۾ عزت احترام سان نالو کنيو ويندڙ ملڪ

جاپان 

اوڀر ايشيا جو معتبر ملڪ پئسفڪ سمنڊ جي اتر اولهه ۾ واقع ملڪ جاپان 
بلوچستان جيتري ايراضي رکندڙ زلزلن جي حوالي سان مشهور علائقي 
Ring of fire/young fold mountain area 
۾ هئڻ باوجود وجود رکندڙ جاپان . 

سج جي اڀرڻ واري ڌرتي جاپان جنهن جي گادي جو هنڌ ٽوڪيو . 
آبادي 13 ڪروڙ پلس . ڪرنسي ين yen . ٻولي جاپاني 
نيشنل ڊي 23 ڊسمبر . مذهب شنتوزم 93 سيڪڙو . 
نيوز ايجنسي kyudo ڪيوڊو . اسٽاڪ ايڪسچينج نڪئي nikkai . 

سامونڊي ڪنارو 29 751 ڪلوميٽر . ايراضي 377915 چورس ڪلوميٽر ... جاپان 4000 هزار جزيرن جي ميلاپ وارو ملڪ آهي . 

جاپان 1940 ۾ جرمني ۽ اٽلي جو اتحادي بڻيو ۽ 1941 ۾ آمريڪا 

سئٽزرلينڊ 
Play ground of Europe.
ڪرنسي سئس فرينڪ . ٻولي جرمن 63 سيڪڙو . 
وڏا شهر . زيورچ .جنيوا . بيسل . برن ۽ لوسين (اولمپڪ هيڊڪوارٽر)
سئٽزرلينڊ جنهن جي ايراضي ۾ 60 سيڪڙو جبل آهن جيڪي هر وقت برف سان ڍڪيل رهن ٿا . 
Gothard base tunnel largest tunnel of world
دنيا جي وڏي ٽنل مان هڪ آهي . جنهن جي ڊيگهه 57 ڪلوميٽر آهي .
سئٽزرلينڊ ٻنهي جنگ عظيم پنهنجي نيوٽرلٽي کي برقرار رکيو . پر اقوام متحده جي ٺهڻ بعد ان جي ڪيترن ئي ادارن جو هيڊڪوارٽر سندس شهر جنيوا بڻيو . 
International Labour org . Geneva 
UN High commissioner for Human rights.Geneva
UN High Commissioner For Refugees.Geneva
World Health Organization .Geneva
World meteorological org. Geneva
World Trade org . 
FiFA . Zurich 
Int olympic committee Lausane . 
Red cross .Geneva . 
UN watch Geneva . 
شامل آهن . 

مشهور شخصيتن جي لسٽ ۾ سئٽزرلينڊ جا اهي ماڻهو شامل آهن جن پنهنجي فيلڊ

ابن انشاء‘‘ کا کلام ’’انشاء جی اٹھو اب کوچ کرو" جس کے لکھنے کے ایک ماہ بعد وہ وفات پاگئے تھے and قتیل شفائی Ibn 'Insha' Rise up now

" ابن انشاء‘‘ کا کلام ’’انشاء جی اٹھو اب کوچ کرو" جس کے لکھنے کے ایک ماہ بعد وہ وفات پاگئے تھے۔

اس کے بعد ’’قتیل شفائی‘‘ نے غزل لکھی " یہ کس نے کہا تم کوچ کرو، باتیں نہ بناؤ انشا جی" دونوں غزلیں اپنے اعتبار سے اردو ادب ميں ایک اچھا اضافہ ہيں۔

ہاں، یہ اور بات ہے کہ ’’قتیل صاحب‘‘ کی غزل زیادہ افسردہ کر جاتی ہے۔

’’ابنِ انشاء‘‘

انشاء جی اٹھو اب کوچ کرو، اس شہر ميں جی کو لگانا کيا

وحشی کو سکوں سےکيا مطلب، جوگی کا نگر ميں ٹھکانا کيا

اس دل کے دريدہ دامن کو، ديکھو تو سہی سوچو تو سہی

جس جھولی ميں سو چھيد ہوئے، اس جھولی کا پھيلانا کيا

شب بيتی ، چاند بھی ڈوب چلا ، زنجير پڑی دروازے میں

کيوں دير گئے گھر آئے ہو، سجنی سے کرو گے بہانا کيا

پھر ہجر کی لمبی رات مياں، سنجوگ کی تو يہی ايک گھڑی

جو دل ميں ہے لب پر آنے دو، شرمانا کيا گھبرانا کيا

اس روز جو اُن کو دیکھا ہے، اب خواب کا عالم لگتا ہے

اس روز جو ان سے بات ہوئی، وہ بات بھی تھی افسانہ کیا

اس حُسن کے سچے موتی کو ہم ديکھ سکيں پر چُھو نہ سکيں

جسے ديکھ سکيں پر چُھو نہ سکيں وہ دولت کيا وہ خزانہ کيا

اس کو بھی جلا دُکھتے ہوئے مَن، اک شُعلہ لال بھبوکا بن

یوں آنسو بن بہہ جانا کیا؟ یوں ماٹی میں مل جانا کیا

جب شہر کےلوگ نہ رستہ ديں،کيوں بن ميں نہ جا بسرام کرے

ديوانوں کی سی نہ بات کرے تو اور کرے ديوانہ کيا

’’قتیل شفائی‘‘

یہ کس نے کہا تم کوچ کرو، باتیں نہ بناؤ انشا جی

یہ شہر تمہارا اپنا ہے، اسے چھوڑ نہ جاؤ انشا جی

جتنے بھی یہاں کے باسی ہیں، سب کے سب تم سے پیار کریں

کیا اِن سے بھی منہ پھیروگے، یہ ظلم نہ ڈھاؤ انشا جی

کیا سوچ کے تم نے سینچی تھی، یہ کیسر کیاری چاہت کی

تم جن کو ہنسانے آئے تھے، اُن کو نہ رلاؤ انشا جی

تم لاکھ سیاحت کے ہو دھنی، اِک بات ہماری بھی مانو

کوئی جا کے جہاں سے آتا نہیں، اُس دیس نہ جاؤ انشا جی

بکھراتے ہو سونا حرفوں کا، تم چاندی جیسے کاغذ پر

پھر اِن میں اپنے زخموں کا، مت زہر ملاؤ انشا جی

اِک رات تو کیا وہ حشر تلک، رکھے گی کھلا دروازے کو

کب لوٹ کے تم گھر آؤ گے، سجنی کو بتاؤ انشا جی

نہیں صرف *قتیل* کی بات یہاں، کہیں ساحر ہے کہیں عالی ہے

تم اپنے پرانے یاروں سے، دامن نہ چھڑاؤ انشا جی۔

Monday, April 4, 2022

Martin Luther King, Jr. American religious leader and civil-rights activist

Martin Luther King, Jr.

American religious leader and civil-rights activist

Martin Luther King, Jr., original name Michael King, Jr., (born January 15, 1929, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.—died April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee), Baptist minister and social activist who led the civil rights movement in the United States from the mid-1950s until his death by assassination in 1968. His leadership was fundamental to that movement’s success in ending the legal segregation of African Americans in the South and other parts of the United States. King rose to national prominence as head of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, which promoted nonviolent tactics, such as the massive March on Washington (1963), to achieve civil rights. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. King came from a comfortable middle-class family steeped in the tradition of the Southern Black ministry: both his father and maternal grandfather were Baptist preachers. His parents were college-educated, and King’s father had succeeded his father-in-law as pastor of the prestigious Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. The family lived on Auburn Avenue, otherwise known as “Sweet Auburn,” the bustling “Black Wall Street,” home to some of the country’s largest and most prosperous Black businesses and Black churches in the years before the civil rights movement. Young Martin received a solid education and grew up in a loving extended family.

This secure upbringing, however, did not prevent King from experiencing the prejudices then common in the South. He never forgot the time when, at about age six, one of his white playmates announced that his parents would no longer allow him to play with King, because the children were now attending segregated schools. Dearest to King in these early years was his maternal grandmother, whose death in 1941 left him shaken and unstable. Upset because he had learned of her fatal heart attack while attending a parade without his parents’ permission, the 12-year-old King attempted suicide by jumping from a second-story window.

In 1944, at age 15, King entered Morehouse College in Atlanta under a special wartime program intended to boost enrollment by admitting promising high-school students like King. Before beginning college, however, King spent the summer on a tobacco farm in Connecticut; it was his first extended stay away from home and his first substantial experience of race relations outside the segregated South. He was shocked by how peacefully the races mixed in the North. “Negroes and whites go [to] the same church,” he noted in a letter to his parents. “I never [thought] that a person of my race could eat anywhere.” This summer experience in the North only deepened King’s growing hatred of racial segregation.

At Morehouse, King favoured studies in medicine and law, but these were eclipsed in his senior year by a decision to enter the ministry, as his father had urged. King’s mentor at Morehouse was the college president, Benjamin Mays, a social gospel activist whose rich oratory and progressive ideas had left an indelible imprint on King’s father. Committed to fighting racial inequality, Mays accused the African American community of complacency in the face of oppression, and he prodded the Black church into social action by criticizing its emphasis on the hereafter instead of the here and now; it was a call to service that was not lost on the teenage King. He graduated from Morehouse in 1948.

King spent the next three years at Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania, where he became acquainted with Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence as well as with the thought of contemporary Protestant theologians. He earned a bachelor of divinity degree in 1951. Renowned for his oratorical skills, King was elected president of Crozer’s student body, which was composed almost exclusively of white students. As a professor at Crozer wrote in a letter of recommendation for King, “The fact that with our student body largely Southern in constitution a colored man should be elected to and be popular [in] such a position is in itself no mean recommendation.” From Crozer, King went to Boston University, where, in seeking a firm foundation for his own theological and ethical inclinations, he studied man’s relationship to God and received a doctorate (1955) for a dissertation titled “A Comparison of the Conceptions of God in the Thinking of Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman.”

Variations in the role and power of the office OF PRIME MINISTER

Variations in the role and power of the office

Although the office of prime minister exists in most countries, there are variations in how the office operates and is organized. The strong prime minister model is found in its purest form in the United Kingdom and other countries that were once part of the British Empire, especially India, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. The premier does not have a large executive department but controls the central direction of policy by selecting all the cabinet ministers and junior ministers; by determining the legislative agenda of the government and strongly influencing economic priorities; by managing the civil service; by setting the structure and operations of the government (e.g., creating new departments or determining which cabinet committees make which decisions); and by leading the majority in parliament. Strong prime ministers in these so-called Westminster systems are

prime minister government official, Development of the office of prime minister

prime minister, also called premier, the head of government in a country with a parliamentary or semipresidential political system. In such systems, the prime minister—literally the “first,” or most important, minister—must be able to command a continuous majority in the legislature (usually the lower house in a bicameral system) to remain in office.

Development of the office of prime minister

Most countries with prime ministers have two executives, a head of government (the prime minister) and a head of state (generally either a non-executive president or a hereditary monarch). The head of state formally appoints the prime minister, who in turn selects the other cabinet ministers. In practice, however, the choice exercised by the head of state is often quite limited (except in semipresidential systems); it is restricted generally to the head of the largest party or coalition in the legislature (typically the lower house in a bicameral system). Although the origin of the title lies in 17th-century France, where Cardinal de Richelieu was acknowledged in 1624 as principal or premier ministre, the office essentially developed in Britain in the 18th century, when the king ceased to attend and chair meetings of his ministers. This change left powerful premiers to take on the role of government chief executive—for example, Robert Walpole (1721–42), who is generally considered Britain’s first prime minister, and William Pitt, the Younger (1783–1801; 1804–06). During their long tenures, the prime minister became the preeminent cabinet member, supervising and coordinating the work of every government department; other cabinet members were required to subscribe to the government’s official policy; and the prime minister was required to command a majority in the House of Commons—all characteristics shared by modern prime ministers.

Since the development of the office of prime minister, holders of the position have typically concentrated on the most high-profile or strategic aspects of government, particularly top-level foreign relations, major defense decisions, macroeconomic policy, and the government’s legislative timetable and priorities. As a result, relations between the prime minister and the foreign and finance ministers (and defense ministers during conflicts) are normally key indicators of the success of a government. In the modern period the role of prime minister has been enhanced by the emergence of international summits and heads of government meetings (e.g., the regular meetings of the heads of government of members of the European Union) as key events in international diplomacy.

Nevertheless, the role and influence of premiers (using their own political resources) have tended to be eroded by the increased specialization of government and the expanded role of bureaucracies and government professionals. For example, in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom the Conservative prime minister Margaret Thatcher intervened personally to force through changes in Britain’s football (soccer) grounds, such as the installation of steel cages to pen in crowds, to counteract the politically embarrassing problem of football “hooliganism.” But these changes destroyed a delicate balance between crowd control and crowd safety, and they were subsequently abandoned following the death in 1989 of more than 90 football fans who were crushed against fences at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield. Equally, Thatcher’s introduction of a “poll tax,” an unpopular local tax that charged rich and poor alike at the same rate, proved impossible to implement and was scrapped within two years of its introduction at a cost of billions of pounds. Indeed, the public backlash against the introduction of the tax created opposition from Conservative members of the House of Commons, which induced Thatcher’s resignation as prime minister and her replacement by John Major, her chancellor of the Exchequer. These examples illustrate that “policy communities” in many different areas of government may command detailed expertise on issues that prime ministers may override—sometimes at their own peril. In most countries, premiers have tried to ease these limitations on their influence by building up their own policy staffs with expertise and establishing units to oversee the enactment of their key strategies and priorities. But there is only limited evidence that such policy centralization can work successfully.

Most countries in the world now have established an office of prime minister (alternatively called premier or chancellor). However, the United States and many African and Latin American countries have adopted presidential systems consisting of an executive president (who is also head of state) and a separation of powers between the legislature and the executive. In these countries, the president picks his own cabinet or government, which does not depend on legislative support to remain in office (see presidency of the United States of America). Indeed, whereas in parliamentary systems prime ministers can be removed from office by the legislature through a simple vote of confidence, executive presidents can generally be removed from office only through a more cumbersome impeachment proceeding for serious crimes or abuse of office

Imran Khan prime minister of Pakistan Alternate titles: Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi

Imran Khan

prime minister of Pakistan

Alternate titles: Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi

Imran Khan, in full Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi, (born October 5, 1952, Lahore, Pakistan), Pakistani cricket player, politician, philanthropist, and prime minister of Pakistan (2018– ) who became a national hero by leading Pakistan’s national team to a Cricket World Cup victory in 1992 and later entered politics as a critic of government corruption in Pakistan.

Early life and cricket career

Khan was born into an affluent Pashtun family in Lahore and was educated at elite schools in Pakistan and the United Kingdom, including the Royal Grammar School in Worcester and Aitchison College in Lahore. There were several accomplished cricket players in his family, including two elder cousins, Javed Burki and Majid Khan, who both served as captains of the Pakistani national team. Imran Khan played cricket in Pakistan and the United Kingdom in his teens and continued playing while studying philosophy, politics, and economics at the University of Oxford. Khan played his first match for Pakistan’s national team in 1971, but he did not take a permanent place on the team until after his graduation from Oxford in 1976.By the early 1980s Khan had distinguished himself as an exceptional bowler and all-rounder, and he was named captain of the Pakistani team in 1982. Khan’s athletic talent and good looks made him a celebrity in Pakistan and England, and his regular appearances at fashionable London nightclubs provided fodder for the British tabloid press. In 1992 Khan achieved his greatest athletic success when he led the Pakistani team to its first World Cup title, defeating England in the final. He retired that same year, having secured a reputation as one of the greatest cricket players in history. After 1992 Khan remained in the public eye as a philanthropist. He experienced a religious awakening, embracing Sufi mysticism and shedding his earlier playboy image. In one of his philanthropic endeavours, Khan acted as the primary fund-raiser for the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital, a specialized cancer hospital in Lahore, which opened in 1994. The hospital was named after Khan’s mother, who had died of cancer in 1985.

Entry into politics

After his retirement from cricket, Khan became an outspoken critic of government mismanagement and corruption in Pakistan. He founded his own political party, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (Pakistan Justice Movement; PTI), in 1996. In national elections held the following year, the newly formed party won less than 1 percent of the vote and failed to win any seats in the National Assembly, but it fared slightly better in the 2002 elections, winning a single seat that Khan filled. Khan maintained that vote rigging was to blame for his party’s low vote totals. In October 2007 Khan was among a group of politicians who resigned from the National Assembly, protesting Pres. Pervez Musharraf’s candidacy in the upcoming presidential election. In November Khan was briefly imprisoned during a crackdown against critics of Musharraf, who had declared a state of emergency. The PTI condemned the state of emergency, which ended in mid-December, and boycotted the 2008 national elections to protest Musharraf’s rule.

In spite of the PTI’s struggles in elections, Khan’s populist positions found support, especially among young people. He continued his criticism of corruption and economic inequality in Pakistan and opposed the Pakistani government’s cooperation with the United States in fighting militants near the Afghan border. He also launched broadsides against Pakistan’s political and economic elites, whom he accused of being Westernized and out of touch with Pakistan’s religious and cultural norms.

Political ascent

In the months leading up to the legislative elections scheduled for early 2013, Khan and his party drew large crowds at rallies and attracted the support of several veteran politicians from Pakistan’s established parties. Further evidence of Khan’s rising political fortunes came in the form of an opinion poll in 2012 that found him to be the most popular political figure in Pakistan.

Just days before legislative elections in May 2013, Khan injured his head and back when he fell from a platform at a campaign rally. He appeared on television from his hospital bed hours later to make a final appeal to voters. The elections produced the PTI’s highest totals yet, but the party still won less than half the number of seats won by the Pakistan Muslim League–Nawaz (PML-N), led by Nawaz Sharif. Khan accused the PML-N of rigging the elections. After his calls for an investigation went unmet, he and other opposition leaders led four months of protests in late 2014 in order to pressure Sharif to step down.

The protests failed to oust Sharif, but suspicions of corruption were amplified when the Panama Papers linked his family to offshore holdings. Khan organized a new set of protests in late 2016 but called them off at the last minute after the Supreme Court agreed to open an investigation. The investigation disqualified Sharif from holding public office in 2017, and he was forced to resign from office. Khan, meanwhile, was also revealed to have had offshore holdings but, in a separate case, was not disqualified by the Supreme Court. Elections were held the following year, in July 2018. Khan ran on a platform of fighting corruption and poverty, even as he had to fight off accusations that he was too cozy with the military establishment. The PTI won a plurality of seats in the National Assembly, allowing Khan to seek a coalition with independent members of the parliament. He became prime minister on August 18.

Premiership

As prime minister, Khan faced a mounting balance-of-payments crisis. Though the economy was experiencing growth, imports and debt commitments from before his term had skyrocketed in recent years, especially because of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative. Just weeks into his term as prime minister, the crisis worsened when the United States withheld $300 million in promised military aid, saying Pakistan had not done enough to stem terrorism. Khan attempted to seek foreign aid from “friendly countries” first; because a dozen previous packages from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had failed to solve Pakistan’s macroeconomic problems, his avoidance of an IMF bailout reflected popular fatigue with the IMF. After he was unable to secure foreign aid on favourable conditions from other countries, however, Pakistan submitted a request for emergency lending from the IMF. He continued to seek foreign aid from other sources and later received promises of investments from China, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.

Aside from courting foreign aid, Khan oversaw several significant developments in Pakistan’s foreign relations. The country successfully brought the Taliban to negotiations with the United States, improving relations with the country and with neighbouring Afghanistan. In February 2019, in a show of force against militants in Kashmir, who had recently staged a suicide attack killing 40 Indian security personnel, India launched an air assault in Pakistan for the first time in five decades, raising fears of a new conflict between the two countries. Pakistan downplayed the impact and appeared to avoid escalating the situation. When India again entered Pakistan’s air space, Pakistan shot down two fighter jets and captured a pilot but returned the pilot to India soon afterward. After the incident, Khan implemented a crackdown on militants, issuing arrests, closing a large number of religious schools, and promising to update existing laws to reflect international standards. The COVID-19 pandemic, which began in early 2020, aggravated the country’s economic woes. Relative to his critics, Khan was slow to endorse a lockdown. In contrast, the provincial government in Sindh, controlled by an opposition party, was quick to implement a strict lockdown in March. Khan eventually imposed a nationwide lockdown in April; in May his government began restricting lockdowns to localities with high infection rates.

Meanwhile, Khan continued to face opposition for his close relationship with the military establishment, his crackdown on militants, and the fragile state of the economy. In late 2020 the major opposition parties formed a coalition, the People’s Democratic Movement (PDM), with the stated goal of increasing the independence of civilian government from the military establishment. Protests and rallies organized by the PDM accused Khan of being a puppet of the army and called on him to step down. In March 2021 these parties boycotted a vote of confidence initiated by Khan’s government, which he survived narrowly with the support of his coalition partners. Later that year Khan fell out with the military establishment after a failed attempt by Khan to influence its top posts. As frustrations rose over sustained inflation, the opposition moved in March 2022 to hold its own vote of confidence; several members of Khan’s party and coalition announced that they did NOT INTEND TO SUPPORT HIM.