Wednesday, December 14, 2022

Fuse Bulb and Retired officer Government Servant

 فیوز بلب 


 ایک ہاؤسنگ سوسائٹی میں رہائش کے لئے ایک بڑا افسر آیا ، جو تازہ تازہ ریٹائر ہوا تھا


 یہ بوڑھا بڑا ریٹائرڈ افسر  حیران اور پریشان ، ہر شام سوسائٹی پارک میں گھومتا ، دوسروں کو حقارت کی نگاہ سے دیکھتا اور کسی سے بات نہیں کرتا تھا -


  ایک دن وہ شام کے وقت ایک بزرگ کے پاس باتیں کرنے کے لئے بیٹھ گیا اور پھر اس کے ساتھ تقریبا" روزانہ بیٹھنے لگا۔  اس کی گفتگو کا ہمیشہ ایک ہی موضوع رہتا تھا۔  "میں اتنا بڑا افسر تھا جس کا کوئی تصور بھی نہیں کرسکتا اور نہ پوچھ سکتا ہے ، یہاں میں مجبوری وغیرہ میں آیا ہوں۔"  اور وہ بزرگ اس کی باتیں سکون سے سنتے تھے۔


 ایک دن جب "ریٹائرڈ" افسر نے دوسرے ساتھی کے بارے میں کچھ جاننے کی خواہش کی تو اس بزرگ نے بڑی انکساری کے ساتھ اسے جواب دے کر دانشمندی کی بات بتائی -


 اس نے وضاحت کی:-


 "ریٹائرمنٹ کے بعد  ہم سب فیوز بلب کی طرح ہو جاتے ہیں اس کی اب کوئی اہمیت نہیں رہتی کہ یہ بلب کتنی وولٹیج کا تھا ، کتنی روشنی اور چمک دیتا تھا ، فیوز ہونے کے بعد اس بات سے کوئی فرق نہیں پڑتا ۔


  انہوں نے جاری رکھتے ہوئے کہا کہ "میں گذشتہ 5 سالوں سے سوسائٹی میں رہ رہا ہوں اور کسی کو یہ نہیں بتایا کہ میں دو بار پارلیمنٹ کا ممبر رہا ہوں۔  یہاں ایک اور صاحب ہیں وہ ریلوے کے جنرل منیجر تھے ، یہاں گلزار صاحب ہیں فوج میں بریگیڈیئر تھے ، پھر ندیم صاحب ہیں جو ایک کمپنی کے کنٹری ہیڈ تھے ، انہوں نے یہ باتیں کسی کو نہیں بتائی ، حتی کہ مجھے بھی نہیں ، لیکن ہم سب جانتے ہیں۔


 "فیوز کے تمام بلب اب ایک جیسے ہیں - چاہے وہ صفر واٹ ، 40 ، 60 ، 100 واٹ ، ہلوجن ہو یا فلڈ لائٹ کے ہوں ، اب کوئی روشنی نہیں دیتا اور بے فائدہ ہیں۔  اور ہاں اس بات کی آپ کو جس دن سمجھ آجائے گی ، آپ معاشرے میں سکون  زندگی گزار سکیں گے۔


  ہمارے ہاں طلوع اور غروب آفتاب کو یکساں احترام دیا جاتا ہے ، لیکن اصل زندگی میں  ہم طلوع آفتاب کی قدر زیادہ کرتے ہیں جتنی جلدی ہم اس کو سمجھیں گے اتنا جلد ہی ہماری زندگی آسان ہوجائے گی۔


لہذا فیوز بلب ہونے سے پہلے ۔۔۔۔۔۔

جتنی بھی خیر کی زیادہ سے زیادہ روشنی پھیلا سکتے ہو ۔۔۔۔پھیلا دو۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔تاکہ کل کو جب اندھیرے کمرے میں جا و ۔۔۔۔تو یہی روشنی کام آئے۔۔۔۔۔

ورنہ جانا تو ہے ۔۔۔۔۔

Monday, December 12, 2022

Do some magic, may he be mad in loce

 Do some magic.

 May he be mad in love.

 In this way, it turned upside down.

 I Shama, be that Parwana.


  Just look at the tricks of the stars.

 Draw a horoscope like Qalandar

  Recite any such Jantar Mantra.

 Do whatever Bakht Sikandar does


 Cut something like that.

  No one could cut it.

 Someone help me.

 He will fall in love with me.


 Get some fortune.

 Flowers rose in the path of death.

 Someone spit water like that.

 When I drank it, my dreams came.

 

 Do some black magic

  Who brightens my day.

 He said Mubarak come quickly.

 Don't live now, son of yours.


 Put me on someone like that.

 By which they met the heart.

  Sing a hymn.

 If you read it, you will find my friend


 Someone can control the uncontrollable jinn.

 Take out any snake from the string

 A bird pulling a thread

 No Manka from Aksha Dhari.


 Can someone teach me such words?

 They think I am a good talker.

 Do something like this to me.

 He knows, I am Jan Nisar.


 Find someone and bring that musk.

 He thought I was like the moon.

 Which is the will of my friend.

 He thought I was exactly the same.

  

 Read any such name of Azam.

  Who sheds tears in prostrations.

 And as you claim

 Be beloved at my feet.


 But let me tell you one thing.

  Is this a matter of steps?

  Beloved is above the eyes.

 Do I have stone hours?


 And the agent hears this change.

 This work is very harmful.

 All threads are in his hands.

 Who is the owner of tomorrow's world.

Koi esa jado tona kar

 کوئی ایسا جادو ٹونہ کر۔

مرے عشق میں وہ دیوانہ ہو۔

یوں الٹ پلٹ کر گردش کی۔

میں شمع، وہ پروانہ ہو۔


 زرا دیکھ کے چال ستاروں کی۔

کوئی زائچہ کھینچ قلندر سا

 کوئی ایسا   جنتر منتر پڑھ۔

جو کر دے بخت   سکندر سا


کوئی  چلہ ایسا کاٹ کہ پھر۔

 کوئی  اسکی کاٹ نہ کر پائے ۔ 

کوئی ایسا دے تعویز مجھے۔

وہ مجھ پر عاشق ہو  جائے۔۔


کوئی فال نکال کرشمہ گر ۔

مری  راہ  میں پھول گلاب آئیں۔    

کوئی پانی پھوک کے دے ایسا۔

وہ پئے تو میرے خواب آئیں۔

 

کوئی ایسا کالا جادو کر 

 جو جگمگ کر دے میرے دن۔

وہ کہے مبارک جلدی آ ۔

اب جیا نہ جائے تیرے بن۔


کوئی ایسی رہ پہ  ڈال مجھے ۔

جس رہ سے وہ دلدار  ملے۔ 

 کوئی تسبیح  دم درود بتا ۔

جسے پڑھوں تو میرا  یار ملے


کوئی قابو کر بے قابو جن۔

کوئی سانپ نکال پٹاری سے 

کوئی دھاگہ کھینچ پراندے کا

کوئی منکا اکشا دھاری سے ۔


کوئی ایسا بول سکھا دے نا۔

وہ سمجھے خوش گفتار ہوں میں۔

کوئی ایسا عمل کرا مجھ سے ۔

وہ جانے ، جان نثار ہوں میں۔


کوئی ڈھونڈھ کے وہ کستوری لا۔

اسے لگے میں چاند کے جیسا ہوں ۔

جو مرضی میرے یار کی ہے۔

اسے لگے میں بالکل ویسا ہوں۔

  

کوئی ایسا اسم اعظم پڑھ۔

 جو اشک بہا دے سجدوں میں۔

اور جیسے تیرا دعوی  ہے 

محبوب ہو میرے قدموں میں ۔


پر عامل رک،  اک بات کہوں۔

 یہ قدموں والی بات ہے کیا ؟

 محبوب تو ہے سر آنکھوں پر۔ 

مجھ پتھر کی اوقات ہے کیا۔


اور عامل سن یہ کام بدل۔

یہ کام بہت نقصان کا ہے۔

سب دھاگے اس کے ہاتھ میں ہیں۔

جو مالک کل جہان کا ہے۔

Ghana, Africa

 جاگرافي سيريز ۾ اڄ جي پوسٽ اولهه آفريقا ۽ دنيا جي پرامن ديس #ghana  گهانا بابت . 


گهانا جنهن جو پراڻو نالو گولڊ ڪووسٽ آهي . جنهن جي سڃاڻپ ڪوامي نڪروما ۽ ڪوفي عنان آهن. 


گهانا  هڪ گهڻ لساني ۽ قدرتي وسيلن سان مالامال ڪنڌار ملڪ آهي . پرامن ايترو جو سندن وٽ ڪُل فوج ئي چوڏهن هزار آهي . 10 هزار آرمي ٻه هزار نيوي ۽ ٻه هزار هوائي فوجي شامل آهي . ملڪ جي معيشيت جو صرف 0.5 سيڪڙو ڊفينس تي خرچ ڪندڙ آهن . 


ڏکڻ ائٽلانٽڪ ۽ وولٽا درياِء جي ڪناري جو هي ملڪ گرم ۽ خشڪ موسم رکندڙ وارياسو ۽ سامونڊي ديس هئڻ باوجود سڄي ايراضي تي 21 سيڪڙو ٻيلا به رکندڙ آهن . 


هن ديس جي اصل باشندن جي ڪنهن کي خبر ناهي پر 12 صدي ۾ هتي بونومين ۾ سون جو واپار شروع ٿيو .15 صدي ۾ ڏکڻ گهانا ۾ اڪانا قبيلو آيو پوِء پورچوگيز ۽ ان بعد ٻيون يورپي طاقتون آيون جيڪي علائقي تي حق حاڪميت لاِء لڙندا رهيا . 

اتر ۾ ڊيگبن ۽ ڏکڻ ۾ اشانتي سلطنتون ٺهيون ۽ اهي 18 صدي تائين طاقتور هيا جيڪي دنيا کي غلام وڪرو ڪندا هيا ۽ موٽ ۾ هٿيار ۽ بارود خريد ڪندا هيا ٻي سرزمين تي قبضي لاِء جيئن اڄ سامراجي ملڪ وسيلا وڪڻي هٿيار خريد ڪندا آهن مظلومن کي ڊيڄارڻ لاِء . 


 19 صدي ۾ انگريز بهادر هن سرزمين تي پير کوڙيا جن کي هتان وارن هوش محمد شيدي سنڌي جيان ڀرپور مزاحمت ڪئي پر نيٺ انگريز به هتي وڻ وسايا .انگريزن هن خطي کي گولڊڪوسٽ ۽ ٽوگولينڊ  جو نالو ڏئي ڪالوني بڻايو . 


گهانا 06 مارچ 1957 تي انگريز کان آزادي ماڻي . 


گهانا . پراڻو نالو گولڊڪوسٽ نئون نالو گهانا

گادي جو هنڌ . عقراِء 

آبادي . 33107275 پلس ماڻهو 

ايراضي . 238 535 چورس ڪلوميٽر

سامونڊي ڪنارو . 11000 چورس ڪلوميٽر


پاڙيسري ملڪ . آئيوري ڪوسٽ ۽ برڪينافاسو 

مذهب عيسائيت 

ٻولي 

انگريزي سرڪاري 

قومي ڏينهن .06 مارچ 


هيڊآف اسٽيٽ صدر 

هيڊ آف گورنمينٽ صدر 

حڪومت . آئيني جمهوريت 

وڏا شهر . عقره . ٽيما ۽ ٽيڪوراڊي ڪماسي.ڪيپ ڪوسٽ 

تعليمي شرح .79 سيڪڙو .


وڏي چوٽي . جبل افڊيٽ 855 ميٽر

هيٺاهون هنڌ ائٽلانٽڪ سمنڊ .  


وڻج واپار 30 ارب ڊالر ۽ شامل ائٽم . سون 11 ارب ڊالر 

تيل 6 ارب ڊالر . ڪوڪوئا بينز ميگنيز .ڊائمنڊ ڪاٺ مڇي رٻڙ لوڻ چن جو پٿر شامل آهن . 


ڪوامي نڪروما ادب جو عالمي ايوارڊ به ماڻيو ۽ ملڪ جو پهريون سربراهه به بڻيو . ان بعد ڪوفي عنان اقوام متحده جو جنرل سيڪريٽري هيو . 


آفريقا جنهن لاِء مشهور آهي ته هي اونداهون کنڊ آهي پر ان جي ملڪن جي ترقي ڏسي چئي سگهجي ٿي ته اونداهين ۾ هتان جا خطا آهن پر هي روشن ملڪ ۽ کنڊ آهن . . 


جاويدحالتي گهانا آفريقا 

ڳوٺ فريدآباد لاڙڪاڻو .سنڌ

Story writer Mushtaque Kamlani Sindh Sijawal, Thatha

 یہ کسی عام فقیر کی تصویر نہیں بلکہ سجاول تحصیل ٹھٹہ (سندھ) سے تعلق رکھنے والے مشہور و معروف کہانی نویس اور ناول نگار محترم مشتاق کاملانی صاحب ہیں۔ کاملانی صاحب سندھ یونیورسٹی جامشورو کے ذہین ترین طالب علموں میں سے ایک تھے۔ مشتاق احمد کاملانی صاحب فر فر انگریزی بولتے ہیں، فارسی، پنجابی اور اردو تو جیسے آپ کی مادری زبانیں ہوں

 ان کی لکھی ہوئی کہانیاں آل انڈیا ریڈیو اور آکاشوانی پر بھی چلتی رہیں مشتاق احمد کاملانی صاحب نے اپنے افسانے “گونگی بارش” اور “چپٹا لہو” لکھ کر سندھی افسانے نگاری میں وہ نام پیدا کیا کہ دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے اس کا نام کہانی اور افسانہ نگاروں کی صفحہ اول میں شمار ہونے لگا. 

کاملانی صاحب نے اپنا ناول “رولو” عین گریجویشن کے امتحاں کے دوران ہی لکھا تھا۔ جنرل ضیاء الحق مرحوم کے مارشل لاء کے زمانے میں ایک کہانی “گھٹی ہوئی فضا” کے نام سے بھی لکھی ہے۔

اس نامور ادیب کے چھوٹے سے گھر پر قبضہ کیا گیا ہے اور اب یہ سالوں سے دن کے وقت ٹھٹہ کی گلیوں میں اور رات کو سجاول کے بس سٹاپ پر بھیک مانگتے ہوئے دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔ کہتے ہیں کہ کاملانی صاحب کے چہرے پر آپ کو بیک وقت دو مخالف کیفیتیں دیکھنے کو ملیں گے، یعنی آنکھوں میں آنسو، اور ہونٹوں پر تمام انسانیت پر طنزیہ مسکراہٹ…

خدارا ! مشتاق کاملانی صاحب کے ساتھ ہو رہے ظلم کے خلاف آواز اٹھائیے ورنہ مشتاق کاملانی صاحب کے ذیل کے اس جملے پر ہی عمل کر لیجیئے جو انھوں نے ایک کہانی میں لکھا ہے۔

"اگر خدا نے تمہارے منہ میں زبان رکھی ہے اور اسے سچ کہنے کے لیے اس کا استعمال نہیں کرتے، تو ایک احسان کرو، اسے کٹوالو… اور ہاں! جہاں اتنی محنت ہوگی، وہاں ایک کام اور بھی کروا لینا… اپنی یہ ناک بھی کٹوا دینا…، انسانیت کو تم پر کم از کم شرم تو نہ آسکے۔"

 (کاپي)

Colors of Pakistan

Sunday, December 11, 2022

I will gather wealth and money what will happen after that.Qamar jalalabadi

 I will gather wealth and money, what will happen after that


 I'll take a nice house, what's next?


 If you want me, you will become me


 I will go on a trip to Kadu, what will I do next?


 There will be a passion for beauty and secrets


 I will have a good night's sleep, what happened after that?


 I will decorate the gatherings with poetry and speech


 There will be a name in the world, but what happened after that?


 If the wave comes, I will go everywhere


 Back to the same old town, what happened after that


 One day death will knock on the door of life


 The lamp of the moon will go out, what will happen after that?


 It was there that the dust will be mixed with the dust


 Who knows what happened after that


 


 Qamar Jalalabadi

Wealth. Gather. After that. کرلونگا جمع دولت و زر اس کي بعد کيا

 ‎کر لوں گا جمع دولت و زر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎لے لوں گا شاندار سا گھر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎مے کی طلب جو ہو گی تو بن جاؤں گا میں رند


‎کر لوں گا مے کدوں کا سفر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎ہو گا جو شوق حسن سے راز و نیاز کا


‎کر لوں گا گیسوؤں میں سحر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎شعر و سخن کی خوب سجاؤں گا محفلیں


‎دنیا میں ہو گا نام مگر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎موج آئے گی تو سارے جہاں کی کروں گا سیر


‎واپس وہی پرانا نگر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎اک روز موت زیست کا در کھٹکھٹائے گی


‎بجھ جائے گا چراغِ قمر، اس کے بعد کیا


‎اٹھی تھی خاک خاک سے مل جائے گی وہیں


‎پھر اس کے بعد کس کو خبر، اس کے بعد کیا


 


قمر جلال آبادی

Come to work for someone who is in pain

 Come to work for someone who is in pain

 Give him a dive

 This gaze is the intoxicant

 Put it on someone

 I don't know about mosques

 I don't know the temples

 Accept my humility

 Give me more pain

 I don't want to live

 I don't want to be a hundred years old

 Miss my friends

 He is eternal

 This is the pride of drunkenness

 This is my heart's desire

 Continue my love

 Give beauty to my friends

 What should I do with you?

 This is the death of my fears

 "Give" me again.

 Take me out of Paradise

کسي درد مند کي کام آ ۔Kisi dardmand ke kam aaa

 کِسی درد مند کے کام آ

کِسی ڈوُبتے کو اُچھال دے

یہ نِگاہِ مست کی مستِیاں

کسی بدنصیب پے ڈال دے

مُجھے مسجِدوں کی خبر نہیں

مُجھے مندِروں کا پتہ نہیں

میری عاجزِی کو قبُول کر

مُجھے اور درد و ملال دے

مُجھے زِندگی کی طلَب نہیں

مُجھے سَوٴ برس کی حَوَس نہیں

‏میرے کالکوں کو مہُو کر

وہ فنا جو ہے لازوال دے

یہ مئے کشی کا غروُر ہے

یہ میرے دِل کا سُرور ہے

میرےمئےکدے کو دُوام دے

میرے ساقِیوں کوجمال دے

میں تیرے وِصال کا کیا کرُوں

میری وَحشتوں کی یہ موٴت ہے

ہو تیراجُنوں مجھے پھر”عطا“

مجھےجَنتوں سے نِکال دے

There is no supplication in prayer by Mubarak siddiqui.

 There is no supplication in prayer

 No supplication in prayer,

 So the offer is rejected

 No loyalty in the system,

 So Jamal rejected


 Not literature, you are stone and brick

 There are all degrees

 Who is not a good person,

 So all perfection rejected


 Those austerities are in vain

 Who can't celebrate

 That drum beat flute,

 He rejects everything


 This is the book of love

 Instead of what was written

 Except for the idea,

 Reject every thought


 Say listen to me

 Very carefully

 Sweetness is also poison.

 Moderate rejection


 That person is the sun.

 I pay a lamp

 So in this Hussain's Bism,

 My request is rejected


 are there any roses

 Hussain my friend?

 He is an unresponsive person.

 So this question is rejected


 I confess to you,

 But oh moon sorry

 That mention of Hussain Yar,

 Your example rejected


 Look at the age calculation.

 Then on the bridge

 But if this self,

 Decline deception


 No supplication in prayer,

 So the offer is rejected

 No loyalty in the system,

 So Jamal rejected


 Mubarak Siddiqui

دعا مين التجا نهين۔ There is no request in prayer.

 دعا میں التجا نہیں

دعا میں التجا نہیں،

تو عرض حال مسترد

سرشت میں وفا نہیں،

تو سو جمال مسترد


ادب نہیں، تو سنگ و خشت

ہیں تمام ڈگریاں

جو حُسن خلق ہی نہیں،

تو سب کمال مسترد


عبث ہیں وہ ریاضتیں

جو یار نہ منا سکیں

وہ ڈھول تھاپ بانسری،

وہ ہر دھمال مسترد


کتاب عشق میں یہی

لکھا ہوا تھا جا بجا

بجز خیال یار کے،

ہر اک خیال مسترد


کہو سنو ملو مگر

بڑی ہی احتیا ط سے

مٹھاس بھی تو زہر ہے،

جو اعتدال مسترد


وہ شخص آفتاب ہے،

میں اک چراغ کج ادا

سو اس حسین کی بزم میں،

میری مجال مسترد


تو کیا کوئی گلاب ہے،

حَسین میرے یار سا؟

وہ لا جواب شخص ہے،

سو یہ سوال مسترد


میں معترف تو ہوں تیرا،

مگر اے چاند معذرت

کہ ذکر حُسن یار میں،

تیری مثال مسترد


حساب عمر دیکھ لو،

کہ پھر پل صراط پر

یہ نفس کے اگر مگر،

فریب چال مسترد


دعا میں التجا نہیں،

تو عرض حال مسترد

سرشت میں وفا نہیں،

تو سو جمال مسترد


مبارک صدیقی

How to get scholarship in universities?

 How to get scholarship in university ? 

يونيورسٽي ۾ داخل ٿيڻ کانپوء غريب ۽ ھوشيار شاگرد لاء مختلف اسڪالرشپس رکيل ھونديون آھن ۔ ڪجھ اسڪالرشپس چئن سالن لاء ته ڪجھ وري ھڪ چڪر ئي ملنديون آھن ۔ تقريبن ھر شاگرد جو سوال ھوندو آھي ته اسڪالرشپ جي فارم ۾ اھڙي ڪھڙي ڳالھ رکجي ته اسڪارشپ ملي سجگھي ،اسان اڄ سڄو پراسيس کي سمجھڻ جي ڪوشش ڪيون ٿا ۔ 

1:اسڪالرشپ وٺڻ لاء بنيادي ڳالھ ته اوھان جي داخلا ميرٽ تي ھجي ان کانپوء اوھان اپلاء ڪرڻ جي اھل ھونده ۔

:2ھر اسڪارشپ جي ايڊ ۾ آمدني جي ھڪ حد مقرر ٿيل ھوندي مٿي آمدني رکندڙ اپلاء نٿا ڪري سگھن  جھڙوڪ جنھنجو والد سرڪاري طور وڏي پگھار کڻندڙ ھجي (اھا ٻي ڳالھ آھي ته شاگرد ڪوڙو انڪم سرٽيفڪيٽ جمع ڪرائي اسڪارشپ وٺندا آھن ۔

 2 :  اسڪالرشپ ڏيندڙ اھو ڏسندا آھن ته خرچ پورا ڪري سگھو ٿا يا نه ان جي ڪري خرچ ۽ آمدني وچ ۾ فرق رکڻ لازم ھوندو آھي  ۔ اوھان جا خرچ آمدني کان ڪجھ (2/4)ھزار وڌيڪ ھجڻ گھرجن ۔

ھر اسڪارشپ ۾ اوھان جا گيس /لائٽ جا بل گھربل ھوندا آھن ڇو ته اوھان جي  انرجي ڪنزمپشن مان اندازو لڳائي سگھجي ٿو ته اوھان غريب آھيو يا امير وڏا بل جمع ڪرائڻ کان پاسو ڪيو ۔

پڙھائي جا خرچ ،ميڊيڪل جا خرچ ،فوڊ جا خرچ عام نوعيت جا لکو ۽ ھميشه لوڪل ٽرانسپورٽ واري باڪس کي ٽڪ ڪندا ڪريو۔ اگر اوھان جي انڪم 30ھزار لکيل آھي ته اوھان جا خرچ 33/34 ھزار ھجڻ گھرجن ۔ 

گھربل ڪاغذات :سيلري سلپ/انڪم سرٽيفڪيٽ /افيڊوٽ(۽ اگر واده فوت آھي ته فوتي سرٽيفڪيٽ )،اسڪارشپ زڪات واري اداري جي ھوندي ته زڪوات  چيئرمن جو سرٽيفڪيٽ ۔

ڪاغذات ڪٿان وٺجن : اوھان کي انڪم سرٽيفڪيٽ پنھنجي تعلقه جي مختيار ڪار آفيس مان وٺڻو پوندو جنھن ۾ صرف پي جي ڪارڊ جي ڪاپي ۽ ڪلارڪ يا پٽيوالي کي ٻه سو چانھن جا ته سرٽيفڪيٽ ملي ويندو (ھڃر مھانگائي جو دور آ سرٽفڪيٽ 20ھزار تائين ھجي ڇو ته ھڃر غريب جو گھر به گھٽ ۾ گھٽ 20ھزار ۾ ھلي ٿو ۔)

افيڊيوٽ اسٽامپ وينڊر واري وٽان آساني سان ملي وڃي ٿو ۔ 

زڪوات سرٽيفڪٽ پنھنجي UC زڪوات چيئرمين وٽان يا زڪوات جي ضلعي آفيس مان وٺي سگھجي ٿو ۔

چئن سالن ۾ ايندڙ اسڪارشپس :

احساس /بينظير اسڪارشپ ،سنڌ انڊومينٽ فنڊ /نيڊ ڪم بيس ،اسڪارشپس فار مائنريٽيز صرف غير مسلم ۽ ڪجھ ٻيون ۔

Interview :سڀني عملن کانپوء انٽرويو ٿنيدو آھي ،انٽرويو ۾ اوھا جو ڀريل فارم ڏسي سوال پڇيا ويندا آھن ۔  اوھان جي ڊريسنگ ،لڪ وغيره نوٽ ڪيو ويندو آھي ڪڏھن ڪڏھن موبائيل به چيڪ ڪئي ويندي آھي ان لاء سادا ڪپڙا ۽ نارمل موبائيل کڻي وڃو ۔ فارم مان سوال پڇيا ويندا آھن ته ايتري جگھٽ انڪم آھي ته اوھا فيس ڪٿان پي ڪئي؟ ۽ يوني ۾ خرچ ڪيئن ٿا ھلايو؟ ان جي ڪري اھڙن سوالن جا مطمئن ڪندڙ جواب ۽ پنھنجي ڀريل فارم مان تياري ۔

ڪري وڃو (سپلي لڳڻ سان احساس /بيظير اسڪالرشپ تي ڪو به فرق نٿو پوي ) 

plz share  for easiness of others .

(From Faiza educationist

Banana Crop in Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan and its benefits

 #ڪيلي جي ٿڙ جا ڌاڳا ۽ انھن مان ٺھندڙ شيون.


 پاڪستان ۾ ڪيلي جي پوکي 90,000 کان 100,000 ايڪڙن تي مشتمل آهي.  جنهن مان هر سال اٽڪل هڪ لک ملين ٽن ڪيلو حاصل ٿين ٿا.  


ڪيلي جا وڻ هڪ ڀيرو ميوو ڏيندا آهن.  پاڪستان سراسري طور ڏھ ٽن ڪيلا في ايڪڙ پيدا ڪري ٿو، جڏهن ته فصل لهڻ کانپوءِ چاليھ ٽن في ايڪڙ باقيات، جنھن ۾ ڪيلي جا پن ۽ ڪاٺ (ٿڙ) رھن ٿا. رڳو ڪيلي جو ڪاٺ 25 ٽن في ايڪڙ تي نڪرندو آھي.


 ڪيلي جو ٿڙ عام لڪڙي جھڙو نہ هوندو آھي، ان ڪري ٻارڻ طور استعمال نه ٿو ڪري سگهجي ۽ ڪيلي جي لاٿ کان پوءِ وڻ جي باقي بچيل شين کي تلف ڪرڻ بہ مسئلو آهي. 


انڪري هن کي اُس ۾ خشڪ ڪري، ساڙي صفائي ڪئي ويندي آھي. جنھن سان ماحولياتي آلودگي بہ وڌي ٿي.

ٻئي طرف ڏسجي تہ، خالق ڪريــم ڪيلي جي ٿڙن ۾ وڏي مقدار ۾ قدرتي مضبوط ڌاڳو رکيو آھي، جنهن جي صنعت کي موسي ٽيڪسٽائل سڏيو ويندو آهي. ٿڙ مان ڌاڳو ڪڍڻ بلڪل آسان آھي. 


ڪمند جو جو رس ڪڍڻ واري سادي مشين تہ سڀني ڏٺي ھوندي. ان سان ملندڙ جلندڙ ننڍڙي مشين آھي جنھن کي ريسپاڊرو مشين سڏجي ٿو. جنھن جي مدد سان ڪٽيل ٿڙ جي تھ کي مشين مان گذاري ڌاڳو ۽ ڳر (گودو) الڳ ڪيو وڃي ٿو.


 توهان اهو ٻڌي حيران ٿي ويندا ته دنيا ۾ ساليانو هڪ لک ٽن ڌاڳو موسي ٽيڪسٽائل ذريعي پيدا ڪيو ويندو آهي. عالمي منڊي جي حساب سان، انهي ڌاڳي جي قيمت تقريبن پاڪستاني ڪرنسي ۾ 100 روپيہ  في ڪلو  آھي. جنھن جو مطلب هڪ عام مزدور هڪ ڏينهن ۾ پندرهن کان ويهه ڪلو ڌاڳو آساني سان  ڪڍي سگهي ٿو. يعني 1500 کان 2000 ڏھاڙي.


ريسپارڊون مشين  ۾ ٻہ لوهي رولر ۽ ھڪ ننڍي موٽر لڳل هوندي آهي، جيڪڏهن هي مشين مقامي طريقي سان تيار ڪئي وڃي، تہ خرچ چاليھ/پنجاھ هزار کان مٿي نہ ايندو. ان کانسواءِ لاھور ۽ پنجاب جي ٻين شھرن ۾ بہ اھا مشين دستياب آھي. اهڙي نموني  هڪ ماڻھو چاليهه کان پنجاھ هزار روپين جي سيڙپڪاري سان روزانو ٻه هزار ڪمائي سگهي ٿو.


      ڪيلي جي ٿڙ مان حاصل ڪيل اھو ڌاڳو گهڻو مضبوط، لچڪدار ۽ نرم ٿيندو آهي. هن ڌاڳي مان گھريلو استعمال جا ڪپڙا، ڪرسين ۽ ميزن جا پوش، رومال، ٽشو، ٻارن جا ڪپڙا، دستڪاري، توريون، مسلا ۽ ٻيون اهڙيون ڪيتريون ئــي  شيون ٺاهڻ لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي.  ھي ڪم ماحول دوست ۽ سستو متبادل پڻ آهي.  اهو ڌاڳو فلپائن ، انڊيا ، ويٽنام ۽ ويسٽ انڊين ملڪن ۾ تمام گهڻو مشهور آهي.  پر وطنِ عزيز ۾ ماڻهو اڃا مڪمل طور تي ان کان اڻ واقف آهن.


   مزي جي ڳالهه اها آهي جو ڌاڳو ڪڍڻ کان پوءِ ٿڙن مان تمام گھڻو رس ۽ ڳر (گودو) بہ نڪري ٿو. جنھن کي سرن سان ٺھيل حوض ۾ گڏ ڪري طاقتور مرڪبن سان ڀرپور قدرتي ڀاڻ حاصل ڪري سگھجي ٿو.


 ٿڙ جي ڳر ۾ ڪجھ ڪيميائي مرڪب ملائي اعليٰ قسم جو ڪيميائي ڀاڻ ٺاھي وڪڻڻ بہ منافع بخش ڪاروبار ثابت ٿي سگھي ٿو، ان سلسلي ۾ ماھرن جي رھنمائي وٺڻ ضروري آھي.ان کان علاوه جمع ٿيل ڳر کي مخصوص مرحلن مان گذاري پلپ، ھلڪي معيار جو ڪاغذ ۽ پيڪنگ لاءِ استعمال ٿيندڙ ٻيو سامان بہ ٺاھي سگھجي ٿو. 


 ڳالھ ھتي ختم نٿي ٿئي.  ڪيلي جي ڇلڙن کي ڊسپوزيبل برتن ٺاهڻ جي لاءِ استعمال ڪيو ويندو آهي، جيڪي پلاسٽڪ ۽ اسٽائيرين جي برتن کان وڌيڪ ماحول دوست ۽ غير نقصانڪار هوندا آهن.  


ڊسپوزيبل برتن ٺاهڻ جي لاءِ هڪ ننڍڙو سانچو ۽ ڊائي جي ضرورت هوندي آهي. جنهن ۾ تھن کي ڪٽي ۽ دٻائي ڪا شڪل ڏبي آھي. انھيءَ دوران ڊائي ۾ ٿوري گرمي پڻ مهيا ڪئي وئي آھي.  ڊسپوزيبل برتن ٻنهي سڪل ۽ ساون پنن ۽ ٿڙن مان ٺاهيا وڃن ٿا.


 جيڪڏهن اسان حيدرآباد ۽ ڀرپاسي وارن علائقن ۾ جتي ڪيلي جو فصل پيدا ڪيو وڃي ٿو، هڪ ادارو قائم ڪري ماڻهن کي تربيت ڏيون، تہ يقيني طور تي ڇڏيل ۽ ڪيلي جي بقاياجات هڪ منافع بخش نعمت ثابت ٿي سگهي ٿي، اھڙي طرح خوشحالي آڻي سگهجي ٿي ۽ ماڻهن جي زندگين جو معيار بلند ڪري سگهجي ٿو

Thursday, December 8, 2022

Sharaf Din Boseri. Egypt. شرفالدين بوصيري مصر

 مصر کے ایک مشہور بزرگ شرف الدین بوصیری گزرے ہیں

انہوں نے ایک غریب گھرانے میں آنکھ کھلی

جیسا کہ والدین بچوں کو سکولوں مدرسوں میں تعلیم حاصل کرنے کیلئے بھیجتے ہیں اسی طرح بوصیری کو بھی والدین نے مدرسے بھیجنا شروع کیا

اور جلد ہی  آپ نے  قرآن پاک  حفظ کر لیا

اس کے بعد آپکے والد صاحب کی خواہش تھی کہ اب آپ کچھ کام کاج کریں تا کہ گھر سے غربت کا خاتمہ ہو

جبکہ بوصیری ابھی مزید تعلیم حاصل کرنا چاہتے تھے۔ وہ ایک زیادہ روشن مستقبل چاہتے تھے۔۔گھر میں باپ بیٹے کے درمیان کھینچا تانی شروع ہو گئی

آخر کار بوصیری نے اپنی والدہ کو اپنے ساتھ ملا کے والد سے مزید پڑھنے کی اجازت لے لی

اس کے بعد آپ نے تجوید، فقہ اور باقی ضروری مضامین کو پڑھا اور بچوں کو پڑھانا شروع کر دیا

اس وقت تک آپ ایک دنیادار شخص تھے اور مادی کامیابیوں کو ہی ترجیح دیتے تھے

آپ غربت سے نجات حاصل کرنا چاہتے تھے۔۔شاعری کا وصف آپ کو اللہ کی طرف سے ودیعت کیا گیا تھا

اب آپ بادشاہوں کی شان میں قصیدے بھی لکھتے تھے اور نئے شعراء کی اصلاح بھی کیا کرتے تھے۔درس و تدریس سے بھی منسلک تھے

ایک دن آپ گھر سے باہر کہیں جا رہے تھے جب ایک شخص نے اپکو روک کے آپ سے پوچھا

کبھی محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی بھی زیارت ہوئی؟؟

اس شخص کا یہ سوال کرنا امام بوصیری کی زندگی کو بدلنے کا سبب بن گیا

اب امام بوصیری نے آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی حیات طیبہ کا بغور  مطالعہ شروع کر دیا

آپ جوں جوں مطالعہ کرتے جارہے تھے آپ کے دل میں آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کی محبت بڑھتی جا رہی تھی

جوں جوں وقت گزر رہا تھا آپ کے  دل میں نبی آخر الزماں  محمد مصطفٰی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم کے عشق کی تڑپ بڑھتی جا رہی تھی

اسی دوران میں انہیں فالج کا حملہ ہوا اور یہ صاحب فراش ہو گئے۔اسی حالت میں پندرہ سال گزر گئے

وہ بادشاہ جن کے قصیدے امام بوصیری لکھتے تھے انہوں نے پلٹ کے نہ پوچھا

آپ بہت دل گرفتگی کے عالم میں ایک رات لیٹے ہوئے تھے۔جب آپ نے سوچا کہ زندگی بھر دنیا کے بادشاہوں کے قصیدے لکھے آج کیوں نہ ان کا قصیدہ لکھوں جن کے سامنے ان بادشاہوں کی کوئی اوقات نہیں

جب ٹوٹے ہوے دل سے ، سچی محبت کے ساتھ الفاظ نکلے تو وہ اس بارگاہ میں مقبول ہوگئے جس کے بعد وہ الفاظ امر ہو گئے

اس سے پہلے بھی امام بوصیری نے عرب کے صحراؤں پہ، صحراؤں کے خیموں پہ اور خوش جمال چہروں پہ شاعری لکھی

لیکن اس رات وہ اس بدرالدجی،شمس الضحی کی شان بیان کر رہے تھے جن کی خاطر رب نے اس دنیا اور اسکی ہر چیز کو تخلیق فرمایا۔ میرا ایمان یہ ہے کہ یہ کلام  بھی رب  کی ہی دین ہے اور وہی رب ہی اسے انسان  پہ اتارتا ہے

جب آپ قصیدہ لکھ چکے تو آپ نے قلم دوات رکھی اور سو گئے

اسی رات  آپ نے خواب دیکھا کہ آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم تشریف لائیں ہیں اور فرمایا کہ

اٹھ بوصیری،،

امام بوصیری نے کہا

،، میں ہزار جانوں سے قربان لیکن کیسے اٹھوں،،

کیونکہ وہ فالج زدہ تھے اور اٹھنے سے قاصر تھے

آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم نے اپنا دست شفقت ان کے جسم پہ پھیرا اور فرمایا

،،اٹھ اور مجھے وہ سنا جو تو نے لکھا،،

امام بوصیری اٹھ بیٹھے اور  جھوم جھوم کے سنا رہے

مولا یا صلی وسلم۔۔۔ دایما ابا دا

اے اللہ۔ آپ دائمی اور ابدی سلامتی بھیجئے اپنے محبوب پہ

میری آنکھیں آپ کی یاد میں آنسو بہا رہی ہیں اور رواں دواں ہیں

مدینہ پاک سے ٹھنڈی ہوا آرہی ہے۔اندھیری رات میں بجلی چمک رہی ہے

میرے عشق کا تذکرہ لوگوں تک پہنچ چکا ہے۔ اب میرا راز محبت بھی نہیں چھپ سکتا اور نہ ہی میرا مرض ختم ہو گا

تیری محبت کی،   میرے آنسو اور میری بیماری گواہی دے رہے ہیں۔میں اپنے عشق کو کیسے چھپا سکتا ہوں

اے دل۔ اگر تو  حضور (صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم) کا عاشق نہیں تو مکہ کو دیکھ کے آنسو کیوں بہاتا ہے

کیا محبت میں رونے والا عاشق خیال کرتا ہے کہ بہتے آنسوؤں اور سوختہ دل کی آڑ میں محبت کا راز چھپا پاے گا

تیری آنکھوں کو کیا ہوا ہے کہ تو انہیں آنسو روکنے کیلئے کہتا ہے اور یہ  بہائے جا رہی ہیں

تیرے دل کو کیا ہو گیا ہے کہ سنبھلنے کی بجاے مزید غمناک ہو رہا ہے

جب رات مجھے محبوب(صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم) کا خیال آیا تو میں رات بھر جاگتا رہا۔

درد محبت نے میرے چہرے پہ آنسو اور رخساروں پہ  زردی پیدا کر دی ہے

اے غریبوں کا خیال رکھنے والے

اے دل گیروں کی دلجوئی کرنے والے

اے مظلوموں کا ہاتھ پکڑنے والے

اے سچ کہنے والے

سے گناہگاروں کا پردہ رکھنے والے

اے ازل کا نور

اے محمد صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم۔۔آپکے منہ میں آپ کے دانت ایسے ہیں جیسے سیپ کے اندر قیمتی موتی

اے اللہ آپ اپنے حبیب صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم پہ ابدی اور دائمی سلامتی نازل فرمائیں

اب امام بوصیری جھوم جھوم کے پڑھ رہے ہیں اور محمد عربی صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم ان کی محبت کو قبول فرماتے ہوئے ان کے ساتھ سن رہے ہیں

جب قصیدہ ختم ہوا تو آپ صلی اللہ علیہ وسلم اتنے خوش ہوے کہ انہوں  نے اپنی چادر(بردہ) اتار کے انہیں مرحمت فرمائی

اس کے ساتھ ہی انکی آنکھ کھل گئی۔ دیکھا تو چادر ان کے پاس ہی رکھی ہوئی تھی

وقت دیکھا تو تہجد کا وقت تھا

امام بوصیری پندرہ سال کے بعد ہشاش بشاش صحت مند اٹھے ۔ فالج کا کہیں دور دور تک نام و نشان بھی نہیں تھا وضو کیا اور مسجد کا رخ کیا کہ تہجد ادا کریں

گھر سے نکلے تو ایک فقیر نے آواز لگائی

،،ہمیں بھی تو سناؤ وہ قصیدہ،،

امام  بوصیری نے تجاہل عارفانہ سے کہا

کونسا؟؟

وہی جس کے بدلے یہ بردہ بھی ملا

مجذوب نے چادر کی طرف کی طرف اشارہ ک

Nation. Language and Religion. قوم،ٻولي ۽ مذهب

 قوم، ٻولي ۽ مذهب

هڪ ملڪ ۾ گهڻيون قومون نه پر مذهب گهڻا هوندا آهن. قوم هڪ ئي رهندي آهي. (مثال طور) سنڌي هڪ قوم آهي جيڪا ڪيترائي برهمڻ، ٻڌ ۽ جيني ڌرم رکندي هئي. انهن مان ڪجهه ماڻهن مسلمان ٿي ڪري پنهنجو ڌرم ۽ مذهب بدلائي اسلام ڪري ڇڏيو، پر قوم انهن جي ساڳي سنڌي آهي. جيئن پهريون سنڌي هئا هاڻي به اهڙائي سنڌي آهن. ۽ سندن هندو مائٽ ڏاڏا ۽ ڀائر ۽ ٻيا هندو آهن، انهن مسلمان ٿي ڪري پنهنجي قوم نه مٽائي، سنڌي هجڻ کان انڪار نه ڪيو پر رڳو مذهب ۽ ڌرم بدلايو آهي. هاڻي هڪ ملڪ جي هڪ قوم ٻه يا وڌيڪ مذهب ته اختيار ڪري سگهي ٿي مگر پنهنجي قوميت ختم ڪندي يا ورهائيندي نه آهي. عربن سنڌ فتح ڪئي ته انهن سنڌ جي مسلمانن کي سنڌ ۾ الڳ قوم ۽ هڪ زبان عربي ڏئي نه پر انهن کي نج سنڌي رهڻ ڏنو ۽ عربن اڳتي هلي سنڌين کي قرآن سيکارڻ لاءِ سموري دنيا ۾ قرآن جو پهريون ترجمو سنڌي زبان ۾ ڪرايو. جيئن ماهنامه العزيز بهاولپور بحواله دلگداز سن 942 هندي ۽ ”تاريخ سنڌ“ ابو ظفر ندوي دارالمصنفين اعظم ڳڙهه ص 357 ۾ آهي ته 270هه ۾ جڏهن سنڌ جو دارالخلافه منصوره هيو ۽ خليفي طرفان سنڌ جو حاڪم (گورنر) امير عبدالله بن عمر بن عبدالعزيز هيو هن سنڌ جي هڪ راجا مهروڪ عرف رائي بن راءِ تي اسلام جي تبليغ ۽ اسلام جي حقيقتن تي روشني وجهڻ جي غرض سان هڪ هندو نزاد، عراق جي ويٺل وقت جي علامه کي ان راجا وٽ موڪليو جنهن عالم راجا جي خدمت ۾ پهچي سنڌي زبان ۾ هڪ مضمون لکي پيش ڪيو جنهن ۾ راجا جي عقل ۽ فهم مطابق اسلام جي عظمت ۽ حقانيت تي گهڻو ڪجهه مواد گڏ ڪيو هو. وري هن راجا جي درخواست تي قرآن مجيد جو سنڌي زبان ۾ ترجمو ڪيو. هيءَ مسلمانن جي پهرين تصنيف سنڌي زبان ۾ آهي. هي هندستان ۾ قرآن مجيد جو پهريون ترجمو هو.

هن مان معلوم ٿئي ٿو ته عربن ۾ قومن جي قوميت ۽ انهن جي زبانن ۽ ٻولين جو ڪيترو احترام هو. جيڪڏهن عرب گهرن ها ته سنڌي ماڻهو مسلمان ٿيڻ کان پوءِ سنڌي نه رهن ۽ عربي سکن ته سنڌي، عربي ٻولي سکن ها ۽ اڄ سنڌي زبان جو هڪ اکر به باقي نه رهي ها.

اڄڪلهه هي جيڪو اردوءَ جو ڀوت سوار ٿي ويو آهي ۽ ماڻهن کي اردوءَ جي زور زور سان ترغيب ڏياري سنڌين جي گهرن ۾ انهن جي معصوم ٻارن تي مڙهي پئي وڃي بلڪل تمام وڏو ظلم آهي، ٻارن ۽ انهن جي مائرن جو ناحق خون آهي. والعياذبالله اسان ان ڀوت کان خدا تعاليٰ جي پناهه ۽ اوٽ ۾ اچون ٿا. آمين يا الاهي العالمين.


Nation. Language and Religion

 Nation, language and religion

 In a country there are not many ethnicities but many religions.  The nation remains the same.  (For example) Sindhi is a nation that had many Brahmins, Buddhists and Jains.  Some of them became Muslims and changed their religion and religion to Islam, but the people are the same Sindhis.  As the first Sindhis were, there are also Sindhis now.  And their Hindu relatives, grandfathers and brothers and others are Hindus, they did not change their nationality by becoming Muslims, they did not deny being Sindhis but only changed their religion and religion.  Now, a nation of a country can adopt two or more religions, but it does not end or divide its nationality.  The Arabs conquered Sindh, they did not give the Muslims of Sindh a separate nation and an Arabic language in Sindh, but they allowed them to live as Sindhis, and the Arabs later translated the Quran into Sindhi language for the first time in the world to teach the Sindhis the Quran.  According to Mahnama Al-Aziz Bahawalpur according to Dilgadaz year 942 Hindi and "History of Sindh" Abu Zafar Nadwi in Darul-Musinafin Azamgarh page 357, in 270 A.H. when the capital of Sindh was Mansurah and the ruler (governor) of Sindh by the Caliph was Amir Abdullah bin Umar bin Abdul Aziz.  In order to preach Islam and shed light on the facts of Islam on a king of Sindh, Mehrouk alias Rai bin Rai, a Hindu Nizad sent the Allama of Iraq to the king who reached the service of the learned king.  He wrote and presented in which he had collected a lot of material on the greatness and righteousness of Islam according to the wisdom and understanding of the king.  Then he translated the Holy Quran into Sindhi language at the request of the king.  This is the first authorship of Muslims in Sindhi language.  This was the first translation of the Holy Quran in India.

 This shows how much respect the Arabs had for the nationality of the nations and their languages.  If the Arabs had wanted, the Sindhi people would not have remained Sindhi after becoming Muslims, and if they had learned Arabic, the Sindhis would have learned the Arabic language and today there would not be a single letter of the Sindhi language left.

 Today, the ghost of Urdu has taken over and by encouraging people with the force of Urdu, it is being inflicted on their innocent children in the homes of Sindhis.  By Allah, we come to the shelter and protection of God Almighty from that ghost.  Amen or God Almighty.

Sunday, September 18, 2022

JANNA JIHAD, PALESTINE

 

JANNA JIHAD, PALESTINE

Janna Jihad is a teenage girl who has grown up in the Palestinian village of Nabi Salih, located north of Ramallah city in the West Bank. It is part of Palestinian territory that has been under Israel’s military occupation since 1967.

Janna, and Palestinian children like her, are denied their rights and face discrimination on a daily basis. The Israeli army regularly arrests children from Janna’s village, often during raids on their homes in the middle of the night while families are asleep. Children struggle to access their rights to education and freedom of movement because of barriers and checkpoints which force delays on any journey. It can take hours to get to school instead of a few minutes. People find it hard to travel for work and to earn a living to support their families. For anyone who is sick, it can be nearly impossible to get to a hospital.

In 2009, when Janna was three, her community used their right to peaceful protest and began weekly demonstrations. But they were met with violence. When she was seven, Janna’s uncle and her friend were killed by the Israeli military. Janna used her mother’s phone to record what was happening and reveal the truth. By the time she was a teenager, her live videos were being watched by hundreds of thousands of people around the world. In 2018, Janna became the youngest press card-carrying journalist in the world, at the age of 12. Yet she has faced many threats for her work.I started journalism at the age of seven because I wanted the whole world to know what is happening here and how we live in fear and uncertainty. I want a normal life, a normal childhood.

Janna Jihad

WHAT ABOUT CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO A VOICE?

 

WHAT ABOUT CHILDREN’S RIGHT TO A VOICE?

One of the UNCRC’s General Principles is that children have the right to participate – and to be listened to – in all decisions that affect them. Participation rights are linked to children’s levels of maturity and apply accordingly. This is to support their development, but it also helps everyone achieve better-informed decisions. It strengthens society.

Like adults, children have the right to voice their opinions and to peacefully protest. Today, all over the world young people and children are using this right. They are rising up to demand climate justice and racial equality, amongst other calls. Yet their perspectives are still often overlooked or dismissed.


Pakistan:impact of climate change Deadly floods reminder to wealthy countries to remedy unfettered climate change

 

Pakistan: Deadly floods reminder to wealthy countries to remedy unfettered climate change

  • States, in line with their human rights obligation of international co-operation and assistance must support Pakistan as floods devastate lives and impact a range of human rights 
  • The floods serve as a stark warning of the devastating impact of climate change and states most responsible for the climate crisis must provide compensation and remedy for the loss and damage caused by the climate crisis. 

Wealthier states that have responsibility for climate change must remedy historic injustices and support low-emitting countries like Pakistan after deadly floods have shown the devastating impact of climate change, said Amnesty International.  

“States that have enriched themselves using fossil fuels and other unsustainable practices must meet their international obligations. They must provide compensation and other forms of remedy for the loss and damage people are suffering in Pakistan,” said Rimmel Mohydin, Amnesty International’s Pakistan Campaigner. 

Since 1959, Pakistan has accounted for 0.4% of historic emissions and yet it is listed as one of the most climate vulnerable places in the world, according to joint findings by the World Bank and Asian Development Bank. These floods alone have by early estimates, cost the country USD 10 billion. The recent floods are a devastating reminder that the consequences of climate change are intensifying, underscoring the importance of states catching up with their adaptation and mitigation efforts.  

Pakistan response  

According to government reports, the flood damage in Pakistan is far-reaching, leaving close to three quarters of a million people without access to safe and adequate housing. Large swathes of agricultural lands have been flooded, destroying crops and threatening the country’s food supply. The Federal Minister for Climate Change Sherry Rehman said on Monday that a “third of the country is under water,” dubbing it a “crisis of unimaginable proportions.” Damage to infrastructure and internet and phone connectivity is severely hampering rescue and relief operations. 

Climate change involves not only rising temperatures, but also extreme weather events. While flooding can be caused by a variety of factors, rising temperatures can make the likelihood of extreme rainfall much higher, overwhelming Pakistan’s river embankments in some areas. The 2010 floods, which killed 1,700 people, were also found to be largely attributable to rising global temperatures

“The destruction and death in Pakistan has shown how these floods risk entrenching existing inequalities and putting millions at risk of homelessness, hunger, ill-health and even premature death. The government must uphold the human rights of the affected communities and take preventive measures to protect those most at-risk from the impacts of the disaster,” said Rimmel Mohydin. 

Poverty and gender affect impact of floods 

The floods have had a particularly devastating impact on people living in poverty as many of them live in inadequate and poor-quality housing along riverbanks, low-lying areas and areas that are difficult to reach due to lack of adequate infrastructure. Little has been done so far to protect these communities from the impacts of climate change.  

Women are particularly adversely affected by the floods. According to the United Nations Population Fund, there are almost 650,000 pregnant women in the flood-affected areas, with almost 73,000 women expected to deliver in the next month. More than 1,000 health facilities are either partially or fully damaged in Sindh province, whereas 198 health facilities are damaged in affected districts in Balochistan.  

There is also a heightened possibility of women and girls being at risk of gender-based violence, according to UNICEF, owing to the breakdown of order and social protection mechanisms during a crisis. Menstrual hygiene must also be given its due consideration when developing relief programs, with the UNFPA estimating the victims of the floods to include 8.2 million women of reproductive age. 

“Existing inequalities based on people’s gender, socio-economic status, age, and other identities will no doubt be exacerbated by the floods. Marginalized groups, such as people living in poverty are bound to be much worse off. The newly-formed National Flood Response and Coordination Centre must take into account the needs and requirements of different communities as it plans its strategy on how to protect people from the distressing effects of the floods,” said Rimmel Mohydin. 

WHAT IS AMNESTY DOING TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHAT IS AMNESTY DOING TO ADDRESS CLIMATE CHANGE? 

There is an urgent need to put people and human rights at the centre of the climate change conversation. For Amnesty International and other human rights organizations, this means pushing for accountability for states who fail to act on climate change, just as we do with other human rights violations. 

Chiara Liguori, Policy Adviser, Amnesty International

Amnesty International’s work on climate change includes standing up for human rights in the Paris Agreement on climate change, contributing to stronger human rights standards on climate change, and supporting environmental groups as they put forward human rights arguments.

Given the urgency of this issue, an important part of our role is to help galvanize the human rights community, by showing how climate change is impacting people’s rights and highlighting how people are mobilizing to respond to the reality and the threat of climate change.

Amnesty is working with a variety of different groups in key countries to mount pressure against governments and corporations which are obstructing progress. Amnesty is also supporting young people, Indigenous peoples, trade unions and affected communities, to demand a rapid and just transition to a zero-carbon economy that leaves no one behind. Litigation and the use of national and regional human rights mechanisms are additional tools to keep up the pressure.

Amnesty International has built on its work supporting environmental defenders to facilitate the work of those protecting land, food, communities and people against climate impacts, extraction and expansion of fossil fuels and deforestation. Defending the civic space for information, participation and mobilization also contributes towards promoting more progressive climate policies.

OUR DEMANDS

Amnesty is calling for governments to:

  • Do everything they can to help stop the global temperature rising by more than 1.5°C.
  • Collectively reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to absolute zero before or by 2050. Richer countries should do this faster. By 2030, global emissions must be half as much as they were in 2010.
  • Stop using and producing fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) as quickly as possible.
  • Make sure that climate action is done in a way that does not violate anyone’s human rights, and reduces rather than increases inequality
  • Make sure everyone, in particular those affected by climate change or the transition to a fossil-free economy, is properly informed about what is happening and is able to participate in decisions about their futures.
  • Work together to fairly share the burden of climate change – richer countries must provide financial and technical support to people in developing countries who have suffered and will continue to suffer losses and damages caused by the climate crisis.
  • Safeguard the rights of those displaced or at risk of displacement due to climate change.

WHY DO WE NEED TO STOP CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHY DO WE NEED TO STOP CLIMATE CHANGE?

Because we all deserve equal protection.

We are all born with fundamental human rights, yet these rights are under grave threat from climate change. While climate change threatens all of our lives in some way or other, people who experience discrimination are among those likely to be the worst affected. We are all equally deserving of protection from this universal threat.

Because there is nothing to lose from acting, and everything to gain.

Fighting the climate crisis gives us a chance to put the wellbeing of people first by ensuring a right to a healthy environment. This will give us an opportunity to enhance human rights, for example by enabling more people to access cleaner and cheaper energy resources and create job opportunities in new sectors.

Because we have the knowledge, power and ability to stop climate change. 

Many people are already working on creative, inspiring and innovative solutions to address climate change. From citizens to companies to cities, there are people all over the world actively working on policies and campaigns and solutions that will protect people and the planet. Indigenous peoples and minority communities have for centuries developed sustainable ways of living with the environments that they call home. We can learn from them and, with their consent, benefit from their know-how to inform our own efforts to find a different way of interacting with our planet.

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR STOPPING CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR STOPPING CLIMATE CHANGE?

After placing plantiffs in a position of climate danger, defendants have continued to act with deliberate indifference to the known danger they helped create and enhance. A destabilized climate system poses unusually serious risks of harm to plaintiff’s lives and their bodily integrity and dignity. 

Juliana vs United States Government, Lawsuit filed by Children Against the US Government

States

States have the obligation to mitigate the harmful effects of climate change by taking the most ambitious measures possible to prevent or reduce greenhouse emissions within the shortest possible time-frame. While all countries must take all reasonable steps to reduce emissions to the full extent of their abilities, wealthy states must lead the way, by decarbonizing their economies more quickly than developing countries.  

States must also take all necessary steps to help everyone within their jurisdiction to adapt to the foreseeable and unavoidable effects of climate change, thus minimizing the impact of climate change on their human rights. This is true irrespective of whether the state is responsible for those effects, because states have an obligation to protect people from harms caused by third parties.

States must take steps to tackle climate change as fast and as humanely as possible. In their efforts to address climate change, they must not resort to measures that directly or indirectly violate human rights. For example, conservation areas or renewable energy projects must not be created on the lands of Indigenous peoples without consulting them and getting their consent.

Wealthy states must provide sufficient financing and support to developing countries to allow them to meet ambitious emission reduction targets and implement effective climate change adaptation measures. States most responsible for the climate crisis must also provide compensation and other forms of remedies for the losses and damages people have already suffered due to the climate crisis.

All states must take steps to tackle climate change as fast and as humanely as possible. In their efforts to address climate change, they must not resort to measures that directly or indirectly violate human rights. For example, conservation areas or renewable energy projects must not be created on the lands of Indigenous peoples without consulting them and getting their consent. The transition to a zero-carbon economy must be just and lead to a more equal society, rather than putting most of the costs and burdens on those least able to carry them.

In all measures, states should respect the right to information and participation for all affected people, as well as their right to access effective remedies for human rights abuses.

However, the current pledges made by governments to mitigate climate change are completely inadequate, as they would lead to a catastrophic 2.7°C increase in average global temperatures over pre-industrial levels by 2100. People, including children, in many countries around the world are using human rights arguments to take their governments to court for their failure to establish sufficient climate change mitigation targets and measures. In several cases, including BelgiumGermanyand the Netherlands, courts have already ruled in their favour. 

Corporations

Businesses also have a responsibility to respect human rights. To meet this responsibility, companies must assess the potential effects of their activities on human rights and put in place measures to prevent negative impacts. They must make such findings and any prevention measures public. Companies must also take measures to remedy human rights abuses they cause or to which they contribute, either by themselves or in cooperation with other actors. Such responsibilities extend to human rights harms resulting from climate change.

Corporations, and particularly fossil fuel companies, must also immediately put measures in place to minimize greenhouse emissions – including by shifting their portfolio towards renewable energy produced in a manner compatible with human rights– and make relevant information about their emissions and mitigation efforts public. These efforts must extend to all the major subsidiaries, affiliates and entities in their supply chain.

Fossil fuel companies have been historically among the most responsible for climate change – and this continues today. Research shows that just 100 fossil fuel-producing companies are responsible for 71% of global greenhouse gas emissions since 1988. There is growing evidence that major fossil fuel companies have known for decades about the harmful effects of burning fossil fuels and have attempted to suppress that information and block efforts to tackle climate change.

The global agro-industrial food system and the large scale plantations on which it depends, are often associated with high greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation and land degradation, as well as forced evictions of Indigenous Peoples, attacks on environmental activists and other human rights violations.

Private financial institutions, such as banks, asset managers and insurance companies, also play a key role in driving the climate crisis, especially when they fund fossil fuel companies and businesses linked to deforestation without any climate-related conditions.

WHY IS CLIMATE CHANGE A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE?

 

WHY IS CLIMATE CHANGE A HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUE?

The dramatic impacts of climate change have exposed with devastating clarity, how integral a healthy environment is to the enjoyment of all our other rights. 

Agnes Callamard, Secretary General of Amnesty International

Human rights are intimately linked with climate change because of its devastating effect on not just the environment but our own wellbeing. In addition to threatening our very existence, climate change is having harmful impacts on our rights to life, health, food, water, housing and livelihoods.

The longer governments wait to take meaningful action, the harder the problem becomes to solve, and the greater the risk that emissions will be reduced through means that increase inequality rather than reduce it.

These are some of the ways climate change is impacting and will impact our human rights:

Right to life – We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety. But climate change threatens the safety of billions of people on this planet. The most obvious example is through extreme weather-related events, such as storms, floods and wildfires. In 2019, cyclones in Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwekilled more than 1,000 people, while Typhoon Haiyan claimed at least 6,300 lives in the Philippines in 2013.Heat stress is among the most deadly impacts. The summer heatwave in Europe in 2003 resulted in the deaths of 35,000 people. However, there are many other less visible ways that climate change threatens lives. The World Health Organization predicts that climate change will cause 250,000 deaths per year between 2030 and 2050, due to malaria, malnutrition, diarrhoea and heat stress.

Right to health – We all have the right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. According to the IPCC, the major health impacts of climate change will include greater risk of injury, disease and death due to more intense heatwaves and fires; increased risk of under-nutrition as a result of diminished food production in poor regions; and increased risks of food- and water-borne diseases, and vector-borne diseases. Children exposed to traumatic events such as natural disasters, exacerbated by climate change, can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders. The health impacts of climate change demand an urgent response, with unmitigated warming threatening to undermine health systems and core global health objectives.

Right to housing – We all have a right to an adequate standard of living for ourselves and our families, including adequate housing. However, climate change threatens our right to housing in a variety of ways. Extreme weather events like floods and wildfires are already destroying people’s homes, leaving them displaced. Drought, erosion and flooding can also over time change the environment whilst sea-level rises threaten the homes of millions of people around the world in low-lying territories. Drought, erosion and flooding can also over time change the environment whilst sea-level rises threaten the homes of millions of people around the world in low-lying territories.

Rights to water and to sanitation – We all have the right to safe water for personal and domestic use and to sanitation that ensures we stay healthy. But a combination of factors such as melting snow and ice, reduced rainfall, higher temperatures and rising sea levels show that climate change is affecting and will continue to affect the quality and quantity of water resources. Already more than one billion people do not have access to clean water, and climate change will make this worse. Extreme weather events such as cyclones and floods affect water and sanitation infrastructure, leaving behind contaminated water and thus contributing to the spread of water-borne diseases. Sewage systems, especially in urban areas, will also be affected.

WHO IS IMPACTED THE MOST BY CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHO IS IMPACTED THE MOST BY CLIMATE CHANGE?

You say you love your children above all else, and yet you are stealing their future in front of their very eyes. 

Greta Thunberg, Climate activist and Founder of Climate School Strike

Climate change is and will continue to harm all of us unless governments take action. However, its effects are likely to be much more pronounced for certain groups – for example, those communities dependent on agricultural or coastal livelihoods – as well as those who are generally already vulnerable, disadvantaged and subject to discrimination. 

These are some of the ways climate change can and is exacerbating inequalities:

  • Between developed and developing nations:

At a national level, those in low-lying, small island states and less developed countries will be and already are among those worst affected. People in the Marshall Islands already regularly experience the devastating flooding and storms that destroy their homes and livelihoods. The 2021 heatwave in North America made headlines across Europe and North America, but some of the worst effects of global warming were also felt in places like Pakistan. Temperatures in Jacobadad hit a staggering 52°C – hotter than the human body can stand — and electricity blackouts compounded the misery of millions without access to air conditioning or clean water.

  • Between different ethnicities and classes:

The effects of climate change and fossil fuel-related pollution also run along ethnicity and class lines. In North America, it is largely poorer communities of colour who are forced to breathe toxic air because their neighbourhoods are more likely to be situated next to power plants and refineries. They experience markedly higher rates of respiratory illnesses and cancers, and African Americans are three times more likely to die of airborne pollution than the overall US population. 

  • Between genders:

Women and girls are disproportionately affected by climate change, reflecting the fact that they are more likely in many countries to be marginalized and disadvantaged. For example, women are often confined to roles and jobs that make them more reliant on natural resources. Because they face barriers in accessing financial or technical resources or are denied land ownership, they are less able to adapt to climate change. This means that they are more at risk from the impacts of climate-related events as they are less able to protect themselves against it and will find it harder to recover.

  • Between generations:

Future generations will experience the worsening effects unless action is taken now by governments. However, children and young people are already suffering due to their specific metabolism, physiology and developmental needs. This means, for example, that the forced displacement experienced by communities impacting a whole range of rights – from water, sanitation and food to adequate housing, health, education and development – is likely to be particularly harmful to children.

  • Between communities:

Indigenous peoples are among the communities most impacted by climate change. Due to a close interrelationship with the natural world, as well as in some cases a history of expropriations and forced evictions, they often live in marginal lands and fragile ecosystems which are particularly sensitive to alterations in the physical environment. They maintain a close connection with nature and their traditional lands on which their livelihoods and cultural identity depend. Despite having important knowledge about the natural environment of their territories and playing a crucial role in the conservation of biodiversity and natural resources, they are often excluded from climate decision-making, including when climate-related initiatives encroach on their lives and territories.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE?

The Wilmington community, they are mostly low income, so the heat waves are very detrimental because they cannot afford air-conditioning. And because they are still close to the refineries and to oil extraction, they have to shut their windows.

Alicia Rivera, Community organizer and Climate activist, USA

The effects of climate change are already being felt now, but they will get worse. Global warming has reached approximately 1°C above pre-industrial levels. Every half degree (or even less) of global warming counts.

It is important to remember that no one list of the effects of climate change can be exhaustive. It is very likely that heatwaves will occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense and frequent in many regions. The oceans will continue to warm and acidify, and global mean sea level will continue to rise. All of this will have, and is already starting to have, a devastating impact on human life.

The urgent need to address climate change has become even clearer with the release of a major report in October 2018 by the world’s leading scientific body for the assessment of climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The IPCC warns that in order to avoid catastrophic global warming, we must not reach 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels – or at very minimum not exceed that. The report sets out the massive differences between the 1.5°C and 2°C scenarios. 

In another report published in August 2021, the IPCC confirmed that unless there are immediate, rapid and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, limiting warming to close to 1.5°C or even 2°C above pre-industrial levels will be beyond reach.

However, there is still time to limit climate change. In the 2021 report, the IPCC said strong and sustained reductions in emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouses gases could quickly improve air quality, and in 20 to 30 years global temperatures could stabilize. Our governments must therefore take immediate steps right now to change course. The longer we take to do this, the more we will have to rely on costly technologies that could have harmful impacts on human rights.

UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres said the report was nothing less than a code red for humanity: “The alarm bells are deafening, and the evidence is irrefutable”. He called on all nations, especially the G20 economies, to join the net zero emissions coalition, and reinforce their promises on slowing and down and reversing global warming with credible concrete steps. “Inclusive and green economies, prosperity, cleaner air and better health are possible for all, if we respond to this crisis with solidarity and courage”, he said.

WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHAT CAUSES CLIMATE CHANGE?

We are humans who want the same thing every other human wants — a safe place to live on this planet we call home. So while our work must continue to be unbiased and objective, increasingly we are raising our voices, adding to the clear message that climate change is real and humans are responsible, the impacts are serious and we must act now. 

KATHARINE HAYHOE, CLIMATE SCIENTIST

There is an overwhelming scientific consensus that global warming is mostly man-made: climate scientists have come to this conclusion almost unanimously.

One of the biggest drivers by far is our burning of fossil fuels – coal, gas and oil – which has increased the concentration of greenhouse gases – such as carbon dioxide – in our atmosphere. This, coupled with other activities like clearing land for agriculture, is causing the average temperature of our planet to increase. In fact, scientists are as certain of the link between greenhouse gases and global warming as they are of the link between smoking and lung cancer.

This is not a recent conclusion. The scientific community has collected and studied the data on this for decades. Warnings about global warming started making headlines back in the late 1980s.

In 1992, 165 nations signed an international treaty, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They have held meetings annually ever since (called “Conference of the Parties” or COP), with the aim of developing goals and methods to reduce climate change as well as adapt to its already visible effects. Today, 197 countries are bound by the UNFCCC.

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

 

WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE?

The planet’s climate has constantly been changing over geological time, with significant fluctuations of global average temperatures.

However, this current period of warming is occurring more rapidly than any past events. It has become clear that humanity has caused most of the last century’s warming by releasing heat-trapping gases—commonly referred to as greenhouse gases—to power our modern lives. We are doing this through burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land-use and other activities that drive climate change. Greenhouse gases are at the highest levels they have ever been over the last 800,000 years. This rapid rise is a problem because it’s changing our climate at a rate that is too fast for living things to adapt to.

Climate change involves not only rising temperatures, but also extreme weather events, rising sea levels, shifting wildlife populations and habitats, and a range of other impacts.

Sunday, June 5, 2022

CLASS THREE 3 SINDHI, ISLAMIAT, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE QUSTION AND ANSWERS

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CLASS THREE 3 SINDHI, ISLAMIAT, GENERAL KNOWLEDGE QUSTION AND ANSWERS 

NTS TEACHERS REMAINING 2015 PSTs REGULARIZATION NOTIFICATION BY SINDH GOVT IN NOVEMBER 2021

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NTS TEACHERS REMAINING 2015 PSTs REGULARIZATION NOTIFICATION BY SINDH GOVT IN NOVEMBER 2021



PHYSICS XI FIRST YEAR HSC-I NOTES

PHYSICS XI FIRST YEAR HSC-I NOTES
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ENGLISH NOTES FOR XI - FIRST YEAR

ENGLISH NOTES FOR XI - FIRST YEAR 
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FIRST YEAR FSC-I BIOLOGY NOTES

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PAST TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR ANY JOB LIKE PST, JEST, HST, SST

PAST TEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR ANY JOB LIKE PST, JEST, HST, SST

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Sunday, May 29, 2022

Battle of Kabul and the retreat to Gandamak

 

Battle of Kabul and the retreat to Gandamak

 ڪابل جي جنگ ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي

جنوري 1842ع ۾ افغانستان تي انگريزن جي حملي جي تباهيءَ جو خاتمو پهرين افغان جنگ جي جنگ ۾: ڪابل ۽ گندماڪ ڏانهن واپسي

جنگ: پهرين افغان جنگ

ڪابل جي جنگ جي تاريخ ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي: جنوري 1842.

ڪابل جي جنگ جو هنڌ ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي: وچ افغانستان.

ڪابل جي جنگ ۾ ويڙهاڪن ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي: بنگالي فوج جا انگريز ۽ هندستاني ۽ شاهه شجاع جي فوج افغانن ۽ غلزئي قبيلن جي خلاف.

ڪابل جي جنگ ۾ ڪمانڊر ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي: جنرل ايلفنسٽن ڪابل جي اميرن، خاص ڪري اڪبر خان ۽ غلزئي قبيلي جي سردارن خلاف.

فوجن جو حجم: 4,500 برطانوي ۽ هندستاني فوجون غير مقرر تعداد ۾ غلزئي قبيلن جي خلاف، ممڪن طور تي 30,000 کان وڌيڪ. ڪابل جي جنگ ۾ يونيفارم، هٿيار ۽ سامان ۽ گندمڪ ڏانهن واپسي:

برطانوي پيادل فوج، ڳاڙهي جيڪٽس، سفيد پتلون ۽ شڪو ٽوپيون پائي، پراڻي براون بيس مسڪيٽ ۽ بيونيٽ سان هٿياربند هيون. هندستاني پيادل فوجي ساڳيا هٿياربند ۽ يونيفارم ۾ هئا.

غلزئي قبيلي وارا تلوارون ۽ جيزل، ڊگھي بيرل مشڪيون کڻندا ھئا.

فاتح: انگريزن ۽ هندستاني فوجن جو صفايو ڪيو ويو سواءِ ٿوري تعداد ۾ قيدين ۽ هڪ بچيل.

ENGLISH NOTES XI - FIRST YEAR

 


First Afghan War

First Afghan War

Battles of the First Afghan War 1838 to 1842

Battle of Ghuznee on 23rd July 1839 in the First Afghan War

Battle of Ghuznee on 23rd July 1839 in the First Afghan War


Battle of Ghuznee:  The British capture of the Afghan city of Ghuznee on 23rd July 1839: a successful beginning to a disastrous war.

Battle of Kabul and the Retreat to Gandamak: The disastrous culmination in January 1842 to the British invasion of Afghanistan in the First Afghan War.

Siege of Jellalabad: The successful defence of Jellalabad in 1841 to 1842 that went a little way to restore the British reputation devastated by the Battles of Kabul and Gandamak.

Battle of Kabul 1842:  The revenge taken by the Anglo-Indian ‘Army of Retribution’ against the Afghans between August and October 1842 for the massacres at Kabul and Gandamak.

Last stand of the 44th Regiment at the Battle of Gandamak on 13th January 1842 in the First Afghan War: picture by William Barnes Wollen

Last stand of the 44th Regiment at the Battle of Gandamak on 13th January 1842 in the First Afghan War: picture by William Barnes Wollen